Personnel Risk:
Moderate
Score:
51/100
Leadership Behaviour
Q34
50/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
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There is a commitment to increase transparency and integrity measures by the LAF, demonstrated by internal measures taken place (1). However, the LAF does…
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Though the LAF does have strict anti-corruption training (1), it has publically expressed its commitment (2) through interviews with CSOs and statements at events…
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Statements by senior military personnel representing the LAF commander are not made often (1). However, a few of the public statement include LAF’s commitment…
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Q35
50/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
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Bribery and corruption are defined as offences by the Code of Military Justice, although it does not give details on giving/offering and soliciting briberies…
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This sub-indicator has not been assigned a score due to insufficient information or evidence. Information about investigations and prosecutions in the LAF are not…
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Q36
33/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
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In September 2018, the Lebanese Parliament approved a law to protect whistleblowers; it applies to all public administration employees (1). The law was originally…
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The government has halfheartedly encouraged whistleblowing. In September 2018, State Security with the Ministry of State for Combating Corruption launched a hotline for individuals…
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A study done by the LCPS suggests that citizens low trust in government are associated with the high perception of corruption (1). An interviewee…
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Q37
33/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
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First and second-degree posts in the LAF are allocated on a sectarian basis (1). Although competencies are looked for when picking personnel for sensitive…
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The sectarian element overrules competencies and is a precondition to an appointment (1). Heads of political parties are continuously involved in the nomination of…
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The Military Council is responsible for approving the promotion and appointments of military personnel before sending them to the minister of defence (1). High…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
33/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
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Numbers of civilian and military personnel at the Ministry of Defence and in the LAF are not accurate as they vary in different sources.…
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The LAF does not publish official figures on the number of civilian and military personnel (1).
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There is no evidence of ghost soldiers being a problem within the LAF. A source denied knowledge of any previous incidents with ghost soldiers…
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Q39
100/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
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In July 2017, the Parliament passed a salary scale law public administration workers and military personnel (1). The law is available online on the…
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The decrees indicating the allowances and its criteria for civilian and military personnel are published online. As previously mentioned in 39A, civilians at the…
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Q40
92/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
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From research, only on one occasion, in 2015, was there a 45-day delay in payment for personnel (1). The government then resolved the issue.…
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No information was found on inaccurate pay for military personnel (1). A source dismissed that these incidents have happened (2).
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A payment and allowances system is published online including, pay brackets for all ranks (1). The NDL outlines the calculations for military personnel’s pay…
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Q41
33/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
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A formal appointment process exists; however, it is undermined by political and sectarian considerations. Section 3 of the National Defence Law lays out basic…
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The LAF’s high-level appointments are divided along confessional lines and subject to sectarian political parties decisions. For instance, the Chief of Staff post is…
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The National Defence Law outlines the general criteria for the appointments of senior positions except for the sectarian component (1). The sectarian distribution requirements…
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Q42
50/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
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LAF personnel promotions are conducted through formal appraisal processes that are laid out by the National Defense Law (1). However, there is little independent…
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In addition to the regular promotional progression, the National Defence Law (NDL) specifies exceptional cases for awarding ranks (1). The means, for instance, include,…
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Depending on the ranks and positions of the promotions, information is published (1). For example, the appointment and promotion of senior ranking officers, such…
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Promotions, whether in routine or exceptional circumstances, are irregularly published. For example, the graduating officers from the military academy who are promoted to the…
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Conscription and Recruitment
Q43
NA/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable, as compulsory military service was abolished in 2007 (1) based on the provisions of Law No. 665…
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because, since the abolishment of mandatory conscription in 2007, the LAF has become an all-volunteer force (1).
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable, as Lebanon abolished compulsory conscription in 2007 (1). In this regard, enforcing sanctions or punishments for bribery…
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Q44
67/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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The Code of Military Justice identifies bribery as a criminal offence. However, the law does not elaborate on the various bribery offences serving as…
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Depending on the criminal offence, the sanctions range between prosecution, dismissal, and financial penalties. For example, for theft and embezzlement, sanctions can range between…
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Sanctions due to bribery are inconsistently applied. In the event of bribery prosecutions, the indicted officer(s) are discharged from the military (1). However, according…
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Salary Chain
The chain of command and the chains of payment are not separate. The Finance Unit under the Directorate for Financial and Administrative Affairs handles…
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Values and Standards
Q46
50/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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A booklet laying out the rules and principles of the LAF is given to military personnel. However, it is largely unknown because it is…
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There is a booklet given by the LAF to all military personnel but is not available to the public (1).
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable, as the booklet given to military personnel is not publically available – hence its enforcement is difficult…
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As previously indicated, the booklet is not publicized. Hence, it is impossible to know if training is part of the document (1). However, according…
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Q47
0/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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There is no Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel working at the Ministry of National Defence or its departments, including the LAF (1).…
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable, as a Code of Conduct for civilians is not available (1).
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable, as a Code of Conduct for civilians is not available (1).
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable, as a Code of Conduct for civilians is not available (1).
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Q48
42/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
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The LAF does not have specific anti-corruption training continuously conducted for the officers (1). In March 2018, the Directorate for International Humanitarian Law and…
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Anti-corruption training is conducted in an ad-hoc manner (1) and by external parties (2). For example, the LAF (1) and the LTA (2) conducted…
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Since 2013, the LAF has cooperated with Basel Fleihan institute to conduct training for its officers at the Fouad Chehab Academy for Command and…
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Q49
67/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
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Defence service personnel are prosecuted by a military court. According to Article 55 of the Code of Military Justice, the outcomes of the prosecutions…
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The Military Court prosecution outcomes are published by local media outlets. The prosecutions announcements usually include information about the indicted persons, the trial process…
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Cases of corrupt activities are investigated and prosecuted. For example, in July 2018, the Military Court sentenced 14 people involved in bribes acceptance to…
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Q50
67/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
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Facilitation of Payment is illegal in Lebanon. The LPC criminalizes forms of bribery for public officials and lays down the provisions to regulate them…
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It is not clear whether the investigated cases are regularly prosecuted because the LAF does not publish information about prosecutions (1). According to a…
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Facilitation payments are widespread in Lebanon due to ineffective bureaucratic procedures and lack of transparency and accountabilitiy. Bribery methods to speed up the process…
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