Financial Risk:
Very High
Score:
23/100
Asset Disposals
Q24
8/100
How effective are controls over the disposal of assets, and is information on these disposals, and the proceeds of their sale, transparent?
View Question
All asset disposal within the defence/security sector is carried out in accordance with Law No. 4046 on Implementation of Privatisation, which regulates the principles…
Explore
4046 Implementation Of Privatization Law does not make any specific references as to how to conduct defence/security disposals. Currently, the Ministry of Treasury and…
Explore
Insights from Interviewees 1, 2, 3 and 6, as well as open-source research, show that the financial results of asset disposal in the field…
Explore
Q25
0/100
Is independent and transparent scrutiny of asset disposals conducted by defence establishments, and are the reports of such scrutiny publicly available?
View Question
Both legislative oversight/monitoring mechanisms and civil society monitoring mechanisms have been excluded from asset disposal, which has been conducted under the strict control of…
Explore
As explained above, legislative oversight mechanisms and civil society monitoring mechanisms (media, think tanks, etc.) are now totally excluded. Only the CoA and exective…
Explore
The CoA audit reports on defence/security-related asset disposals are not made available to the public. Interviewee 3 suggests that parliament’s National Security Council could…
Explore
Secret Budgets
Q26
0/100
What percentage of defence and security expenditure in the budget year is dedicated to spending on secret items relating to national security and the intelligence services?
View Question
There are no secret items/budget lines in the Ministry of Defence budget. There are two secret budget items in the central budget: first, the…
Explore
Q27
0/100
Is the legislature (or the appropriate legislative committee or members of the legislature) given full information for the budget year on the spending of all secret items relating to national security and military intelligence?
View Question
As explained in the ‘Political Risk’ section, the Turkish parliament has the National Security Council for defence and the Security and Intelligence Committee for…
Explore
Q28
13/100
Are audit reports of the annual accounts of the security sector (the military and intelligence services) subject to parliamentary debate?
View Question
The CoA publishes annual audit reports of the intelligence service and some parts of these reports are publicly available [1]. However, these reports are…
Explore
Interviewee 1 suggests that a more detailed version of the CoA’s intelligence service audit report is delivered to the Security and Intelligence Committee, but…
Explore
Q29
17/100
In law, are off-budget military expenditures permitted, and if so, are they exceptional occurrences that are well-controlled? In practice, are there any off-budget military expenditures? If so, does evidence suggest this involves illicit economic activity?
View Question
Every year in the last week of December, the law for the next fiscal year is published in the Official Gazette in Turkey, marking…
Explore
The Presidential Secret (or Covert) Fund, the only means of off-budget military expenditure, is not officially recorded in the budget and this fund is…
Explore
As explained above, the Presidential Covert Fund is the only means of income for off-budget military expenditure in Turkey. Interviewees 3 and 4, relying…
Explore
Q30
13/100
Are mechanisms for accessing information from the defence sector effective?
View Question
Law No. 4982 on the Right to Obtain Information [1] lays down the guidelines and procedures for individuals to exercise their right to obtain…
Explore
This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. The main regulation governing the levels of confidentiality used in the public service in…
Explore
Unfortunately, State actors such as the Presidency, the Ministry of Defence, the Chief of General Staff and the Ministry of Finance are not keen…
Explore
Q31
50/100
Do national defence and security institutions have beneficial ownership of commercial businesses? If so, how transparent are details of the operations and finances of such businesses?
View QuestionMilitary-owned Businesses
Q32
25/100
Are military-owned businesses subject to transparent independent scrutiny at a recognised international standard?
View Question
Military-owned businesses are subject to some scrutiny, but these processes are known to lack independence and reliability [1]. According to Article 6 of Law…
Explore
Interviewee 3, who worked at the auditing department of the OYAK between 2006 and 2008 as the representative of the Turkish General Staff, suggested…
Explore
Illegal Private Enterprise
Q33
100/100
Is there evidence of unauthorised private enterprise by military or other defence ministry employees? If so, what is the government’s reaction to such enterprise?
View Question
The legal framework strictly outlaws any unauthorised private enterprise conducted by the military or other Ministry of Defence employees under the cover of the…
Explore
Unauthorised private enterprises do not occur because it is illegal for both military and civilian personnel in the sector to get involved in private…
Explore
Actual Military Spending
Q77
25/100
Is comprehensive data on actual spending on defence published during the budget year?
View Question
The CoA is the only oversight body that publishes regular annual performance reports about the Ministry of Defence and the National Intelligence Organization (MIT).…
Explore
As seen in the performance report cited aboved, significant areas of spending are undisclosed without any clear justification. There is no evidence of any…
Explore
CoA reports are generally published roughly within twelve months of the end of the financial year [1].
Explore
In the CoA’s annual performance reports, variances between the published budget and actual spending are not explained at all [1].
Explore