The Beninese armed forces understand the importance of reducing corruption and its consequences on the country [1]. To this end, military officers within the armed forces, in particular the Ministerial Committee for Risk Management, ensures the training of military personnel on organizational values and standards, military effectiveness; identification and reporting of corruption, and risk management [2]. This training reinforces integrity which is a value enshrined in cardinal principle within the armed forces [3]. The unit in charge of training also ensures the training of military personnel on the fight against corruption, pre-deployment training. Military training schools also include anti-corruption modules in their basic and continuing education curriculum for officers and soldiers.

Anti-corruption training is delivered based on the trainings provided on the Code of Ethics and Values of the Public Administration and anti-corruption law in Benin. This training is part of the induction trainings given to new recruited personels. Once a year, this course is also also given as a sensitization by the Ministerial Committee for Risk Management (CMMR). However, for budget issues, this can be postponed [1]. There is no mandatory anti-corruption training followed before joining high risk positions and environments [2].

Anti-corruption training is delivered upon to military and civilian personnel [1]. All military and civilian personnel follow these training .[1][2]

Anti-corruption training courses are organised within the Burundian army. In addition to organizational norms and values, participants are also trained in identifying and reporting cases of corruption [1] [2] [3]. The civil society organization OLUCOME, (Organisation de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Malversations Economiques) supported by its partners such as the French Embassy in Burundi and the European Union Delegation in Burundi, often organizes this type of training. OLUCOME’s objective is to try and slow the pace of corruption in Burundi’s public services, including the Defence sector [3]. The training courses organized by OLUCOME focus, among other things, on popularizing the legal framework for combating corruption, identifying and denouncing cases of corruption, and so on. Recognized for its leading role in the fight against corruption, OLUCOME is an organization that is listened to and respected by the various state authorities.[1] [2] [3].

These training courses are organized irregularly, without taking into account special moments such as integration or new promotions. They are rarely or never initiated by the army. Instead, they are offered by external partners such as the French Embassy in Burundi, the Swiss Cooperation Office, the Dutch Embassy or the European Union delegation. [1] [2] [3]

The courses are attended by people selected from the top ranks of the army staff and the Ministry of Defence . These are generally heads of departments and services with the ranks of Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel and rarely Colonel. [1] [2][3]

Anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel in Cameroon is inconsistent and lacks comprehensiveness. While there are occasional programs aimed at raising awareness about corruption risks, these efforts are sporadic and do not constitute a continuous, integrated strategy. For example, some government departments and military units may receive targeted workshops, but these programs often focus on specific issues like bribery or misuse of funds rather than providing a comprehensive, ongoing education on identifying and combating corruption. New recruits may receive initial anti-corruption briefings during induction, but there is little follow-up with more advanced or continuous education [1].

The National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC) is responsible for promoting anti-corruption measures across the public sector, but its efforts to establish a widespread training program have been insufficient. Training initiatives are often reactive, occurring in response to specific issues, rather than being part of a broader, proactive strategy. For example, there are isolated training events but no regular, sustained programs to build a culture of anti-corruption within the military or public administration [2].

In Cameroon, anti-corruption training is implemented but lacks regularity and consistency across both military and civilian sectors. Various institutions, including the Ministry of Public Service and Administrative Reform (MINFOPRA) and the National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC), have introduced anti-corruption initiatives. However, these efforts are often sporadic, responding to specific corruption scandals or large governmental reforms rather than forming part of a continuous, systemic education for all personnel. Training events such as workshops, conferences, and seminars occur intermittently, which leaves significant gaps in coverage and fails to establish a regular pattern of education across all branches of government and the military [1][2].

Anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel in Cameroon is limited in both frequency and scope, with a focus primarily on senior officials rather than all personnel. While there are occasional training efforts organized by key institutions like the National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC), these are often targeted at high-ranking officials or those in positions of authority, leaving lower-level personnel largely excluded. The training programs are sporadic, with no regular or systematic approach to delivering them across the government or military sectors [1] [2].

The civilian sector has seen some initiatives, particularly in ministries and government agencies, but these are irregular and not consistently applied at all levels. The military, in particular, is known for its limited engagement in anti-corruption training, despite the high levels of corruption reported within the sector. There is no structured, ongoing training curriculum for military personnel, and anti-corruption initiatives tend to be reactive or event-based rather than part of a continuous, institutionalized strategy [1] [2].

At all levels of military school training, class time is devoted to corruption and its consequences. This is done either as part of military regulations and ethics or as part of the social function of defence and security personnel. In the units, reports and other ongoing training regularly address this issue [1, 2].

The issue of corruption is very prevalent in all formations and at all levels. Defence financiers receive more intensive training on this issue and, in general, on learning or updating their procedures. Training mechanisms are linked to promotion through the ranks. These training courses are regular and, for the most exposed positions, take place more than once a year as part of advanced and continuing training [1].

Training covers all levels of the defence and security forces in Côte d’Ivoire. As the continuing education mechanism is linked to promotion in rank, it is relevant to all officers. Modules on corruption are included [1, 2].

There are no publicly available data from the websites of the Ghana Armed Forces and the MOD to suggests that there are anti-corruption training for both military personnel and civilians within the armed forces. (1)

There are no publicly available data from the websites of the Ghana Armed Forces and the MOD to suggests that there are anti-corruption training for both military personnel and civilians within the armed forces. (1)

There are no publicly available data from the websites of the Ghana Armed Forces and the MOD to suggests that there are anti-corruption training for both military personnel and civilians within the armed forces. (1)

The Ministry of Defence has taken steps to promote anti-corruption awareness among both military and civilian staff [1]. According to official communications, including a 2024 report titled “Advancing Ethics And Anti-Corruption Measures”, ongoing training programs exist that focus on transparency, accountability, and ethical service [2].
However, there is limited publicly available information detailing the content of these training sessions. Specifically, it is unclear whether the sessions cover the relationship between corruption and military effectiveness, risk identification and management, or reporting procedures.

While anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel in Kenya exists, its implementation and effectiveness vary. The Kenya Defence Forces has incorporated anti-corruption measures into their training programs, but the extent and regularity of these efforts are not uniformly applied across all levels and positions [1, 2]. Some reports suggest that anti-corruption training is delivered upon induction and annually for personnel in high-risk positions, but this practice is not consistently implemented throughout the entire organization [3]. Additionally, while anti-corruption topics are integrated into promotion courses, the depth and impact of this integration remain subjects of ongoing evaluation and debate [4].

In Kenya, anti-corruption training for military personnel is not uniformly delivered across all rank brackets, nor is it consistently provided for civilian equivalents. The implementation of such training varies depending on factors such as rank, department, and available resources. While efforts have been made to incorporate anti-corruption measures into military training, the extent and effectiveness of these programs is unknown [1].
Some initiatives have been introduced to address corruption within the KDF, including targeted training sessions and awareness campaigns. However, these efforts are not yet systematically integrated across all levels of the military hierarchy or civilian support staff [2]. The KDF has shown commitment to improving transparency and accountability, but challenges persist in fully implementing comprehensive anti-corruption training programs [3].

Military personnel receives regular training on the code of conduct, values, and standards.[1] The civilian personnel on the other hand, does not receive as much training on anti-corruption as their military counterparts.[2]
There is regular value-based training across the AFL, and MoD civilians received recent training that included internal controls, procurement red-flags, and asset-declaration reporting (as reported by the LACC).[3][4] However, there is no public evidence that AFL training systematically covers how to identify and report corruption.

Although anti-corruption training is not delivered as regularly as expected, the military personnel undergo this training at least once a year. Some of these trainings are reflected in the military SOP during deployment or special assignments.[1][2] There is no public evidence that this anti-corruption training is automatically delivered at the moment of appointment to a sensitive position. The evidence shows capacity-building occurs, not that it is systematically tied to entry into those posts.[3][4] Some training happens (including for high-risk environments such as the 2023 elections), but without proof of induction coverage and a systematic trigger for high-risk positions.

The training is observed to occur across the military. These trainings are carried out across military barracks in the country. Anti-corruption training is embedded in regular SOP dissemination.[1][2]
Broader national programming by LACC/UNDP in 2024–25 also delivered anti-corruption trainings for public officials and integrity personnel (not MoD-specific, but confirms civilian-side coverage exists in government).[3] However, it is not confirmed that it is delivered to all civilian ranks systematically.

The Ministry of Defense has clearly indicated its desire to train personnel, particularly military personnel, in the fight against corruption. The ministry’s “Internal Anti-Corruption Policy” Plan announced the inclusion of the anti-corruption dimension in the training provided at military training centers [1]. This was done in particular at the Antsirabe Military Academy. The training includes the values ​​and standards of the organization as well as the identification of risks and the actions to be taken [2].

Training of all military personnel in the fight against corruption is done occasionally. It mainly concerns high-ranking officers newly promoted to the head of military commands [1] [2]. Ad hoc training is also provided at the time of integration [3].

Training coverage in the fight against corruption remains sporadic and mainly concerns only high-ranking officers. Ordinary soldiers and non-commissioned officers are not always trained in an ad hoc manner [1] [2] [3].

There is no specific training programme for the defence and security sector that uniquely addresses the links between corruption and organisational values ​​and norms, organisational impact, military effectiveness, the identification and reporting of corruption, and risk management. Corruption as a strategic issue is therefore not intrinsically taken into account in the defence and security sector.[1] It is taken globally through different laws and policies to fight corruption and related offences.[2]

The country does not have specific and regular anti-corruption training for the defence and security forces so this indicator is marked Not Applicable. [1][2]

The country does not have specific and regular anti-corruption training for the defence and security forces so this indicator is marked Not Applicable. [1][2]

Even though there is an Anti-Corruption Law [1] and a Strategy to Combat Corruption [2], there is no evidence of anti-corruption training for civilians and military personnel from the Ministry of National Defence and the Units of the Armed Forces of Mozambique. There are records of lectures and speeches by the President of the Republic [3, 4], the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces [5] about combating corruption in the corporation.

No evidence of anti-corruption training was found [1, 2]. Therefore, this indicator is marked Not Applicable.

In terms of personnel coverage and regular anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel, no evidence was found for either the upper, middle or the lower echelons of employees of the Ministry of National Defence or the Armed Forces. Therefore, this indicator is marked Not Applicable.

Before the military coup of July 26, 2023, multiple international actors played a crucial role in providing training to both military and police forces in Niger. Programs run by partners such as EUCAP Sahel, the United States, and other allies focused on improving professional standards, ethical conduct, and adherence to international norms. [1][2] While these training initiatives did not systematically address corruption as a standalone subject, they contributed to reinforcing ethical awareness, transparency in operations, and respect for human rights within the security sector. However, the situation changed dramatically following the coup, which led to the suspension or withdrawal of key international training partners. EUCAP Sahel [3], which had been engaged in capacity-building for Niger’s security forces, ended its operations in the country, while the United States suspended military cooperation, including training programs [4]. These developments have significantly reduced opportunities for personnel to receive structured instruction on ethical decision-making, governance standards, and the broader implications of corruption within defense institutions. The decline in foreign-backed training programs has not been compensated by an increase in domestic anti-corruption initiatives. With the consolidation of power by the military leadership, the emphasis has shifted towards reinforcing operational readiness and security responses rather than governance and accountability measures . As a result, anti-corruption training—already limited in scope before the coup—has further diminished, leaving personnel with minimal exposure to frameworks that explicitly address corruption risks and mitigation strategies. Given the lack of systematic anti-corruption training before the coup and the subsequent decline in external support, the training that does take place remains superficial in nature, focusing on broad values and standards rather than concrete anti-corruption mechanisms. This significantly weakens efforts to build institutional integrity within Niger’s security forces.

Before the military coup of July 26, 2023, Niger benefited from multiple international actors providing training to military and police forces. Programs such as EUCAP Sahel Niger (European Union) and U.S. military engagement initiatives focused on capacity building, ethics, and security governance [1][2]. While these trainings were not explicitly focused on corruption, they did include elements related to professional ethics and accountability. However, with the coup, key international partners, including the European Union, the United States, and other Western allies, either suspended or significantly reduced their training missions, limiting Niger’s access to structured training on governance and ethical conduct [3][4] As a result, any existing anti-corruption training has become irregular and largely dependent on sporadic initiatives from external donors. There is no systematic training framework within the military or police structures to address corruption risks explicitly.

Anti-corruption training in Niger’s military and police forces is neither systematic nor comprehensive. Before the July 26, 2023 coup, international partners such as EUCAP Sahel Niger, U.S. military programs, and other Western-led initiatives provided capacity-building sessions that occasionally touched on ethics and integrity [1][2]. However, these were not structured anti-corruption programs but rather integrated into broader training on professional conduct, rule of law, and operational discipline. With the withdrawal of key international training partners following the coup, anti-corruption training has become even more discretionary and sporadic. It is now primarily left to internal discussions, moral instruction sessions, and informal exchanges among officers, rather than being an institutionalized component of military and law enforcement education. There is no mandatory training program on corruption risks, reporting mechanisms, or accountability measures for personnel.

There are efforts to provide regular anti-corruption training for both military and civilian personnel in Nigeria. Various anti-corruption agencies, such as the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), conduct anti-corruption training for both public and private sector personnel. The Anti-Corruption Academy of Nigeria (ACAN) of the ICPC is a key institution responsible for this training [1]. ACAN offers a range of training programs, including data Collection Skills for Corruption Prevention in MDAs, Course in Corruption Prevention, Combating Corruption in Public Procurement, among others [2].
In recent years, there has been evolving collaboration between the Nigerian military and the EFCC in providing strategic, capacity-building workshops for military personnel [3][4].
However, while these courses and sessions apply to all MDA’s, there is no known tailored anti-corruption training organised by EFCC or ICPC through ACAN for the MoD or Armed Forces. However, some personnel across Defence and Security agencies have indicated interest in such training [5].

Anti-corruption trainings are given to officials at certain levels, although it is not on a regular basis. While there are efforts to provide regular training, the frequency and consistency may differ across different branches and units. Additionally, the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) has an Anti-Corruption Academy of Nigeria (ACAN) which trains officers on anti-corruption issues. Some 266 officers were trained in 2021 by the ICPC [1]. The immediate past administration of President Buhari extended the National Anti-Corruption Strategy plan from 2022-2026, which, emphasis on training as a key to fight corruption [2].

Although there is no detailed information to indicate the category of personnel that are given this specific training, available information suggests that training is selected personnel in high-risk positions [1]. In addition, military institutions such as the Nigerian Army Resource Office Centre has partnered with the EFCC to deliver leadership and strategic management course tailored for senior and middle-ranking military officers and their civilian equivalent [2].

Senegal’s defence sector does not have a formalised, systematic training program focused on anti-corruption awareness or practices for personnel at any level. OFNAC delivers some general public service anti-corruption training, but this does not extend specifically to the defence sector [1] . No evidence of targeted, regular, or comprehensive anti-corruption training within the Ministry of Armed Forces or military academies. In the armed forces, there is no specific training on corruption; it can be part of an overall training programme on other aspects of security. This type of training is common in the police force. [2]

There is no formal, regular anti-corruption training specifically targeting defence personnel in Senegal so this indicator is marked Not Applicable. OFNAC runs general anti-corruption campaigns, but these do not systematically include the military or defence sector. [1] [2]

There is no formal, regular anti-corruption training specifically targeting defence personnel in Senegal so this indicator is marked Not Applicable. OFNAC runs general anti-corruption campaigns, but these do not systematically include the military or defence sector. [1] [2]

The Department of Defence conducts anti-corruption training identifying standards and reporting requirements. In the 2022/23 financial year, the Department conducted 69 corruption and fraud awareness activities in all nine provinces [1]. Training includes issues of organisational integrity and the impact on military effectiveness [2].

Anti-corruption and ethics training is mandatory for public servants in financial or high-risk areas, including procurement and finance, via the National School of Government’s online modules. [1] The Department of Defence supplements this with annual anti-corruption awareness campaigns, covering topics like procurement ethics, fraud reporting, and money laundering prevention. [2] Regular training is provided, including specific modules for high-risk roles and environments, although there is no formal certification requirement.

The Department of Defence (DoD) continues to provide anti-corruption training that includes both uniformed personnel and civilian staff. According to the DoD Annual Report 2022/2023, the department has implemented multiple ethics and anti-fraud awareness sessions across key divisions, including operations, logistics, finance, and administrative headquarters. These initiatives demonstrate institutional intent to reach a wide range of staff across different roles and ranks [1].
While specific information on the frequency of sessions or the exact proportion of participants by rank or civilian grade is not disclosed, the department indicates that it has conducted awareness campaigns across all service branches [2].

In South Sudan, corruption is yet to be integrated into critical documents such as the SPLA Act, 2009, [1] the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement’s Rules and Regulations, 2009 [2] or SPLA White Paper on Defence [3] that would facilitate training on matters corruption to the defence ministry personnel. The lack of a comprehensive legislation has affected the potential for training.

The lack of a comprehensive legislation has affected the potential for training. As South Sudan has no anti-corruption training, this indicator is marked Not Applicable. [1][2][3]

The lack of a comprehensive legislation has affected the potential for training. As South Sudan has no anti-corruption training, this indicator is marked Not Applicable. [1][2][3]

The Uganda People’s Defence Forces (UPDF) and civilian personnel in the Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs (MoDVA) do receive anti-corruption training, though it is not always embedded as a stand-alone or formally certified course [1].
The UPDF participate in trainings organised by the establishment and the state house anti-corruption unit. Civil servants participate in anticorruption workshops and seminars organised by NGOs [2] for example, the Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs conducted a two-week training at Headquarters for the Protocol Directorate in handling guests and handling protocol work. During the training, the Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs Under Secretary of Finance and Administration, Mrs. Edith Buturo, has cautioned protocol officers and staff against engaging in self-destructive vices like corruption [3].

Anti-corruption training is included in training programs for all recruits. Personnel deployed in UN and AU missions receive specific anti-corruption training, and high-ranking personnel, as well as those deployed to high-risk positions, regularly undergo such training.[1] However, the extent and formality of these trainings vary. While some structured anti-corruption training sessions take place, much of the guidance on corruption may be delivered informally, such as during pass-out speeches by the Commander-in-Chief (CIC), particularly at promotion ceremonies.[2]

The nature of these trainings often depends on institutional needs and available NGO resources.[3] For example, during a three-day training, logistics officers of the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces (UPDF) were urged to avoid corrupt practices and mismanagement of logistics while performing their duties. Lt Gen Otema emphasized that effective planning and management of logistics are crucial for the seamless execution of all UPDF operations.[4]

All recruits of the UPDF receive training in anticorruption. Senior officers receive tailored training on leadership and integrity. Senior army officers received training on integrity building and corruption prevention. The programme was conducted by the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom at the Golf Course Hotel in Kampala. Over Seventy (70) senior UPDF and Defence leaders undertake the course both within Uganda and in the UK. [1,2,3].

It should be noted that the Zimbabwe military does not offer anti-corruption training for its officers and any other civilians attached to their units and or brigades or HQs [1]. In each battalion and brigades or any other military unit in the barracks or on deployment, there are what are called battalion standing orders or brigade standing orders [1]. It is in those orders that soldiers are made aware what is not supposed to be done, as part of standard operation procedures [1]. In addition, either the Minister of Defence use pass out parades or unit and brigade commanders utilise their weekly parades to speak to their soldiers on discipline and character of being a good soldier [2,3].

No anti corruption training is offered.[1][2] Therefore, this indicator is marked Not Applicable.

No anti corruption training is offered.[1][2] Therefore, this indicator is marked Not Applicable.