Personnel Risk:
Moderate
Score:
58/100
34
50/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
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There is a consistency in the Ministry of Defence’s messaging, demonstrating their commitment to transparency and accountability. However, their focus has often narrowly focused…
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General Ogolla (Deceased) addressed accusations of inaction against corruption in the Kenya Defence Forces [2]. He refuted these claims, noting that corruption cases, mainly…
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While the KDF have implemented anti-corruption measures, the effectiveness of these efforts remains a subject of debate. Service publications emphasise anti-corruption messaging and prevention…
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35
88/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
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Kenya’s Bribery Act (No. 47 of 2016) covers offences such as offering or receiving bribes, bribery of public officials (domestic and foreign), and private entities’…
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The investigation and disciplinary processes for bribery and corruption within the Kenya military are complex and face several challenges. While formal procedures are in…
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36
25/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
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Kenya has a legal framework for witness protection, primarily established under the Witness Protection Act No. 16 of 2006. Section 13 of the Act…
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The Ministry of Defence currently has a Citizen Service Delivery Charter and a Service Charter. These charters set expectations for MoD deliverables and outline…
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Kenya Defence Force officers must strictly adhere to legal constraints on information disclosure to protect national security and operational integrity. However, defence-related whistleblowing in…
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37
92/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
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Special attention is paid to personnel in sensitive positions, i.e., individuals with significant autonomy over personnel, resources, and the policies/plans that determine them. This…
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While the KDF has established procedures for personnel selection and oversight in sensitive positions, the implementation presents a complex picture. The military employs structured…
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There is internal oversight in the Ministry of Defence to scrutinise appointment and promotion decisions of personnel in sensitive positions. Higher risk and sensitive…
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38
33/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
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The numbers are accurately kept by the Public Service Commission (PSC) and published annually in the Status of Compliance with values and Principles in…
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Partial data is publicly available: macroeconomic trackers indicate Kenya had around 24,000 armed forces personnel in 2020 [1]. However, this is data collected by…
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Kenya hasn’t had issues with ghost soldiers domestically [1]. However, a UN audit in 2021 revealed that cash awarded to Kenya for fighting Al-Shabaab…
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39
25/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
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When advertising for roles, the MoD provides details such as basic salary, housing allowance, commuter allowance and any other allowances that come with the…
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According to numerous accounts the last Armed Forces Pay Review Board was undertaken in December 14,1978. This is why many officers are still paid…
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40
42/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
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While there have been reports on delay of civil servant salaries due to issues of operational liquidity crunches[1] KDF seems not have been impacted…
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While the KDF has established payment systems, there may be occasional delays or discrepancies in salary disbursements. However, specific information regarding such issues within…
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While many public websites provide information about potential MoD official salaries, the MoD website offers limited details about its payment and allowances system [1,…
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41
75/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
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Article 241 of the Constitution establishes the Defence Forces and Defence Council. The Defence Forces Consists of the Kenya Army, The Kenya Airforce and…
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Kenya’s military appointment system for middle and top management positions faces challenges in transparency and independence. While some oversight mechanisms exist, the process could…
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Information on promotions is publicly available and posted on the MoD website [1]. The information accompanying the promotion always notes down the process undertaken.…
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42
75/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
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The Kenyan military’s promotion process combines meritocratic elements with traditional hierarchical structures. While efforts have been made to implement objective criteria and independent oversight,…
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The force permits other means of awarding rank, such as acting rank or battlefield promotion. The KDF Act provides for Defence Council to develop…
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Promotion details are typically recorded in circulars and board minutes, but these documents are classified [1]. The publicly available information on the MoD website…
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The board convenes biannually to deliberate on matters related to promotions and postings. The outcomes of these sessions are subsequently made public and encompass…
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43
NA/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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Kenya does not have compulsory conscription. Military service in the Kenya Defence Forces is voluntary [1].
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As Kenya does not have compulsory conscription, this indicators is marked as Not Applicable [1, 2].
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As Kenya does not have compulsory conscription, this indicators is marked as Not Applicable [1, 2].
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44
92/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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The principal offenses under the Bribery Act include giving and offering a bribe (Bribery Act, Section 5); receiving and requesting a bribe (Bribery Act,…
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The Bribery Act, 2016, the Leadership and Integrity Act, and the KDF Act, 2012 provide legal grounds for punishing bribery in public service, including…
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Appropriate sanctions and punishments are regularly applied in cases of bribery within the KDF. For example, three KDF officers were charged by the Court…
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The chain of command is separate and goes through different approvals as a system of checks and balances. For example, in a department or…
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46
0/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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Kenya does not have a publicly available Code of Conduct specific to the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF). The Ministry of Defence (MoD) instead references…
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While there is no publicly available Code of Conduct, the MoD has availed their service charter [1] and citizen service charter that is publicly…
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As noted in 46A, no military-specific code of conduct is publicly available [1, 2]. There is no evidence to validate the enforcement of such…
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As noted in 46A, no military-specific code of conduct is publicly available [1, 2]. There is no evidence to validate the enforcement of such…
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47
63/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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There is a code of conduct, and guides on conflict of interest, gifts, and conflict of interest [1] . Article 76 of the Constitution…
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The Code of Conduct is effectively distributed to all civilian personnel but is not readily available to the public [1]. Civilian staff are expected…
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The investigation of breaches of the code of conduct within the Kenya military is a complex process, often shrouded in confidentiality due to the…
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Guidance on ethics and the code of conduct is included in induction training for civilian personnel. Civilians employed by the Ministry of Defence receive…
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48
42/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
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The Ministry of Defence has taken steps to promote anti-corruption awareness among both military and civilian staff [1]. According to official communications, including a…
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While anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel in Kenya exists, its implementation and effectiveness vary. The Kenya Defence Forces has incorporated anti-corruption measures…
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In Kenya, anti-corruption training for military personnel is not uniformly delivered across all rank brackets, nor is it consistently provided for civilian equivalents. The…
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49
58/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
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Court martial outcomes are publicly available [1]. The law also provides for appeals to the high court under Article 186 of the KDF Act…
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The results of prosecution are made publicly available through the Kenya Law Report platform [1]. However, court martial outcomes are only topline and posted…
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While formal processes exist for investigating and prosecuting cases in Kenya’s military, the effectiveness of these processes and the degree of undue influence remain…
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50
75/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
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The KDF Act 2012 empowers the Defence forces to fulfil their mandate by upholding the Bill of Rights, values, and principles under Articles 10(2),…
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Cases involving the Kenyan military are generally investigated and prosecuted through formal processes. However, the extent of political influence on these processes remains unclear.…
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The effectiveness of measures to discourage facilitation payments in the Kenya Military is a nuanced issue. While facilitation payments are illegal in Kenya, as…
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0
NA/100
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Leadership Behaviour
Q34
NA/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
View Question
Q35
NA/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
View Question
Q36
NA/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
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Q37
NA/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
View QuestionPayroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
NA/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
View Question
Q39
NA/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
View Question
Q40
NA/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
View Question
Q41
NA/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
View Question
Q42
NA/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
View QuestionConscription and Recruitment
Q43
NA/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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Q44
NA/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
View QuestionSalary Chain
Values and Standards
Q46
NA/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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Q47
NA/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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Q48
NA/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
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Q49
NA/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
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Q50
NA/100