Financial Risk:

Critical

Score:

2/100

Asset Disposals

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Q24 0/100

How effective are controls over the disposal of assets, and is information on these disposals, and the proceeds of their sale, transparent?

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Controls Score: 0 / 100
Myanmar’s military government has quietly begun the largest sell-off of state assets in the country’s history, including more than 100 government buildings before transition…
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Transparency of disposal process Score: 0 / 100
Although there is a directive on public procurement, ministries rarely comply with it [1]. In the Assessment of Country Public Procurement System, conducted by…
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Transparency of financial results of disposals Score: NA / 100
There is no published information on the military’s process of asset disposal; as such, this indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’. There is no public…
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Q25 0/100

Is independent and transparent scrutiny of asset disposals conducted by defence establishments, and are the reports of such scrutiny publicly available?

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Scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
Myanmar does not have a public procurement law that includes provisions for public asset disposal [1]. The bill was queued for debate in Parliament…
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Independence Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as there is no oversight mechanism and the military has the right to administer its own affairs, according…
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Transparency Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as there is no oversight mechanism and the military has the right to administer its own affairs [1].
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Secret Budgets

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Q26 0/100

What percentage of defence and security expenditure in the budget year is dedicated to spending on secret items relating to national security and the intelligence services?

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Score: 0 / 100
This percentage is not available to the public. The defence budget for each fiscal year is proposed to the Union Parliament. The defence budget…
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Q27 0/100

Is the legislature (or the appropriate legislative committee or members of the legislature) given full information for the budget year on the spending of all secret items relating to national security and military intelligence?

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Score: 0 / 100
There is no parliamentary committee tasked with directly overseeing these intelligence services [1]. MPs have criticised the fact that Parliament cannot effectively scrutinise defence…
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Q28 0/100

Are audit reports of the annual accounts of the security sector (the military and intelligence services) subject to parliamentary debate?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 0 / 100
The audit reports are not subject to parliamentary debate. It is doubtful that the annual accounts of the security sector are audited at all.…
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Parliamentary scrutiny Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as security sector audit reports are not submitted to Parliament [1]. MP U Khin Cho said that there…
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Q29 0/100

In law, are off-budget military expenditures permitted, and if so, are they exceptional occurrences that are well-controlled? In practice, are there any off-budget military expenditures? If so, does evidence suggest this involves illicit economic activity?

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Permitted exceptions Score: 0 / 100
The Union Budget Law does not include provisions for off-budget military expenditures [1]. There is no law on off-budget military expenditures. In practice, off-budget…
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Recording mechanisms Score: 0 / 100
There is no law on off-budget military expenditures. In practice, off-budget expenditures may exist and involve illicit economic activity. Brigadier-General Zaw Min Tun, Secretary…
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Prevalence Score: 0 / 100
Military-owned business groups such as MEHL and MEC enjoyed privileges and engaged in illicit business activity under the military junta [1]. Myanmar’s military has…
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Q30 13/100

Are mechanisms for accessing information from the defence sector effective?

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Legal framework Score: 25 / 100
There is the Media Law, which was enacted in 2014 [1]. According to Article 6(a), the media is entitled to request news and information…
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Classification of information Score: NS / 100
This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. According to Article 6(a) of the Media Law, the media is entitled to request…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
The general public is rarely able to access information from the defence sector. For example, people are unlawfully arrested and detained by the military…
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Q31 0/100

Do national defence and security institutions have beneficial ownership of commercial businesses? If so, how transparent are details of the operations and finances of such businesses?

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Extent of commercial ventures Score: 0 / 100
According to the UN’s Independent International Fact-Finding Mission’s report, MEHL and MEC are military-owned business corporations that control a wide range of business activities.…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
The governance structure of MEHL and MEC lacks transparency and the net worth of these military-owned business corporations is very secret and not known…
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Military-owned Businesses

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Q32 0/100

Are military-owned businesses subject to transparent independent scrutiny at a recognised international standard?

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Independent scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
Public scrutiny is not possible because MEHL and MEC do not release information about their financial status [1]. Both MEHL and MEC participated in…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
MP U Khin Aye, Chairman of the Pyithu Hluttaw Economic and Financial Development Committee, said that MEHL lacks transparency and has not paid tax…
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Illegal Private Enterprise

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Q33 13/100

Is there evidence of unauthorised private enterprise by military or other defence ministry employees? If so, what is the government’s reaction to such enterprise?

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Prohibition Score: 25 / 100
MEHL and MEC were transformed into public companies in April 2016. Before being transformed into public companies, these companies had two types of shares:…
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Prevalence Score: 0 / 100
According to the UN’s Independent International Fact-Finding Mission’s report, MEHL and MEC are military-owned business corporations that control a wide range of business activities…
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Actual Military Spending

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Q77 0/100

Is comprehensive data on actual spending on defence published during the budget year?

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Proactive publication Score: 0 / 100
There is an audit mechanism but it is only an internal mechanism used by the Account Department [1]. Myanmar’s military has its own audit…
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Comprehensiveness Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as no information is published on specific defence spending or even given to Parliament [1].
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Timeliness Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as no information is published on specific defence spending or even given to Parliament [1].
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Comparison against budget Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as no information is published on specific defence spending or even given to Parliament [1].
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