Personnel Risk:
Critical
Score:
12/100
Leadership Behaviour
Q34
0/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
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According to our sources, there are no internal communications of any type with regards to corruption or corruption activities (1), (2), (3). There is…
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Examining tens of news pieces and press releases going a year back on the official website of the MoD, there was no mention whatsoever…
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After listening to some recent speeches by defence leaders addressing other officers (e.g. graduation ceremonies), anti-corruption issues were mentioned, though most of the speeches…
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Q35
13/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
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Bribery and corruption are not mentioned explicitly in the Military Penal Code (1), (2), (3). Article 204 of the Constitution (4) states that the…
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According to our sources, there is a complete failure to investigate and persecute personnel engaged in corruption activities, in spite of clear evidence (1),…
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Q36
0/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
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Egypt has failed to pass any whistleblower protection legislation whether in the civilian or the defence sectors, except for a provision in the anti-trafficking…
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According to our sources, whistleblowing is not encouraged in the armed forces, and there are no guidelines or even commitments to protect any witness…
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Given the lack of legal protections for whistleblowers and the questionable independence of the justice system especially in the parallel military justice system, officials…
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Q37
0/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
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The government and the executive do not recognize that some posts are more open to corruption activities than others. Indeed, senior officers and senior…
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because, as noted in 37A, there is no recognition that certain positions may be more open to…
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because as noted in 37A, there is no recognition that certain positions may be more open to…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
0/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
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Many sources (mostly non-Egyptian) such as Global Firepower and Global Security have estimated the number of military personnel (1), (2), there is no official…
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All the estimates of the numbers of military personnel come from unofficial sources as demonstrated in 38A. After researching all official defence and statistics…
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According to our sources, there are some cases of corruption where employees within the military are ghost soldiers (1), (2), (3). Another source confirms…
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Q39
0/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
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Pay rates for civilian and military personnel are not openly published. However, rates of increases are usually issued by law or presidential decree and…
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There is no information published publicly or internally about pay rates or allowance as this information is considered confidential data (1), (2). Allowances for…
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Q40
58/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
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There is no information or evidence in the public domain of delays in payment. However, this might be coloured by the lack of information…
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No information or evidence regarding the accuracy of payments (or lack thereof) has ever been published. However, anecdotal evidence (1), (2), (3) suggests that…
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The payment system is not published, but rates of salary increases are usually issued by law or presidential decree and therefore made public (1).
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Q41
17/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
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Law no. 232 (1959) sets out the appointment system for armed forces officers (1). Article 12, of the same law, sets the pools from…
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There is neither internal nor external oversight or scrutiny over any of the appointments of middle and top positions. The appointments of senior and…
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According to our sources, there is no published information about the process, procedures of appointments at top and middle level. There is the only…
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Q42
13/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
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According to our sources, some laws and regulations set the criteria, conditions, and requirements for promotions. However, these criteria are regularly bypassed and broken,…
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Article 30 of Law no. 232 allows for exceptions to the seniority rule for officers who “conduct glorious acts in the battlefield”. However, the…
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Only postings and promotions of senior officials that are issued by a ministerial or presidential decree are public and its information available, such as…
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Only postings and promotions of senior officials that are issued by a ministerial or presidential decree are public and its information available, such as…
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Conscription and Recruitment
Q43
67/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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Article 50 of the Military and National Service Law no. 127 (1980) sets out penalties (three to seven years) for attempting to avoid national…
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As discussed in 43A, Article 50 of the Military and National Service Law no. 127 (1980) sets out three to seven years penalties for…
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It is very difficult to assess how this policy is enforced since most of the procedures are secret, and their results are not disclosed…
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Q44
0/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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Law no. 232 of 1959 concerning service conditions and promotion for armed forces officers as well as other relevant laws and decrees does not…
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There are no sanctions as there are no policies or regulations that punish such activities. It is not defined as a risk and therefore,…
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because, according to our sources, in the case of bribes, it is usually in the form of…
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Salary Chain
According to our sources, the chains of commands and chains of payments are not separate, evidence shows that commanders punish lower officers and soldiers…
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Values and Standards
Q46
13/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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There is a Military Code of Conduct however, the content and the Code of Conduct is not available and no guidance is given at…
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According to our sources, although there is a Code of Conduct, it is not available for the public, as well as not readily available…
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The code of conduct is not readily available, there is no enforcement mechanism and therefore, it is not credible (1), (2), (3).
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There is a Military Code of Conduct however, the content and the Code of Conduct is not available and no guidance is given at…
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Q47
13/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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According to our sources, a new Code of Conduct was drafted and recognized by the Council of Ministers in 2014 for all civilian personnel…
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According to our sources, the Code of Conduct is not available always to all officers, and it is hard to find a copy of…
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According to our sources, as the code of conduct is not readily available, there is no enforcement mechanism, and therefore, it is not credible…
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There is no evidence that training is provided to civilian personnel on the Code of Conduct (1), (2), (3), (4).
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Q48
0/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
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According to our sources, there has not been any training on anti-corruption or transparency. Although some training is organized in Egypt on anti-corruption in…
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because the country has no regular anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel.
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This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because the country has no regular anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel.
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Q49
0/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
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All information regarding the investigation and prosecution of defence personnel for all crimes, especially corruption, is secrets since military courts have exclusive jurisdiction over…
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No information on prosecutions or outcomes is made publicly available, and the little information available in the public domain is usually through the testimonies…
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According to our sources, there is a complete failure to investigate any corruption activities, even when there is clear evidence. Usually, those who commit…
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Q50
17/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
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Although facilitation payments are not named explicitly in the law, the Illicit Gains Law no. 62 (1975) has a broad definition of “illicit profiteering”…
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Although the law does criminalize all forms of profiteering that stem from the abuse of a public position, military personnel and officers can only…
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According to our sources, facilitation payments are widespread at many levels and in almost every unit, mainly contracts and the industrial sector of the…
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