Personnel Risk:

Critical

Score:

12/100

Leadership Behaviour

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Q34 0/100

Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?

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Chiefs/Ministers: Internal communications Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, there are no internal communications of any type with regards to corruption or corruption activities (1), (2), (3). There is…
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Chiefs/Ministers: Public commitment Score: 0 / 100
Examining tens of news pieces and press releases going a year back on the official website of the MoD, there was no mention whatsoever…
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Unit commanders and leaders Score: 0 / 100
After listening to some recent speeches by defence leaders addressing other officers (e.g. graduation ceremonies), anti-corruption issues were mentioned, though most of the speeches…
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Q35 13/100

Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?

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Sanctions Score: 25 / 100
Bribery and corruption are not mentioned explicitly in the Military Penal Code (1), (2), (3). Article 204 of the Constitution (4) states that the…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, there is a complete failure to investigate and persecute personnel engaged in corruption activities, in spite of clear evidence (1),…
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Q36 0/100

Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?

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Legal provisions Score: 0 / 100
Egypt has failed to pass any whistleblower protection legislation whether in the civilian or the defence sectors, except for a provision in the anti-trafficking…
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Prioritisation Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, whistleblowing is not encouraged in the armed forces, and there are no guidelines or even commitments to protect any witness…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
Given the lack of legal protections for whistleblowers and the questionable independence of the justice system especially in the parallel military justice system, officials…
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Q37 0/100

Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?

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Coverage of sensitive (higher-risk) positions Score: 0 / 100
The government and the executive do not recognize that some posts are more open to corruption activities than others. Indeed, senior officers and senior…
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Selection process Score: NA / 100
This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because, as noted in 37A, there is no recognition that certain positions may be more open to…
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Oversight Score: NA / 100
This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because as noted in 37A, there is no recognition that certain positions may be more open to…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards

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Q38 0/100

Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?

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Accuracy Score: 0 / 100
Many sources (mostly non-Egyptian) such as Global Firepower and Global Security have estimated the number of military personnel (1), (2), there is no official…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
All the estimates of the numbers of military personnel come from unofficial sources as demonstrated in 38A. After researching all official defence and statistics…
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Ghost soldiers Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, there are some cases of corruption where employees within the military are ghost soldiers (1), (2), (3). Another source confirms…
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Q39 0/100

Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?

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Pay rates Score: 0 / 100
Pay rates for civilian and military personnel are not openly published. However, rates of increases are usually issued by law or presidential decree and…
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Allowances Score: 0 / 100
There is no information published publicly or internally about pay rates or allowance as this information is considered confidential data (1), (2). Allowances for…
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Q40 58/100

Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?

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Timeliness Score: 75 / 100
There is no information or evidence in the public domain of delays in payment. However, this might be coloured by the lack of information…
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Accuracy Score: 100 / 100
No information or evidence regarding the accuracy of payments (or lack thereof) has ever been published. However, anecdotal evidence (1), (2), (3) suggests that…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
The payment system is not published, but rates of salary increases are usually issued by law or presidential decree and therefore made public (1).
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Q41 17/100

Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?

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Formal process Score: 50 / 100
Law no. 232 (1959) sets out the appointment system for armed forces officers (1). Article 12, of the same law, sets the pools from…
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Scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
There is neither internal nor external oversight or scrutiny over any of the appointments of middle and top positions. The appointments of senior and…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, there is no published information about the process, procedures of appointments at top and middle level. There is the only…
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Q42 13/100

Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.

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Formal process Score: 25 / 100
According to our sources, some laws and regulations set the criteria, conditions, and requirements for promotions. However, these criteria are regularly bypassed and broken,…
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Exceptions Score: 25 / 100
Article 30 of Law no. 232 allows for exceptions to the seniority rule for officers who “conduct glorious acts in the battlefield”. However, the…
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Comprehensiveness Score: 0 / 100
Only postings and promotions of senior officials that are issued by a ministerial or presidential decree are public and its information available, such as…
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Frequency Score: 0 / 100
Only postings and promotions of senior officials that are issued by a ministerial or presidential decree are public and its information available, such as…
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Conscription and Recruitment

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Q43 67/100

Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 50 / 100
Article 50 of the Military and National Service Law no. 127 (1980) sets out penalties (three to seven years) for attempting to avoid national…
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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
As discussed in 43A, Article 50 of the Military and National Service Law no. 127 (1980) sets out three to seven years penalties for…
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Enforcement Score: 50 / 100
It is very difficult to assess how this policy is enforced since most of the procedures are secret, and their results are not disclosed…
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Q44 0/100

is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 0 / 100
Law no. 232 of 1959 concerning service conditions and promotion for armed forces officers as well as other relevant laws and decrees does not…
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Sanctions Score: 0 / 100
There are no sanctions as there are no policies or regulations that punish such activities. It is not defined as a risk and therefore,…
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because, according to our sources, in the case of bribes, it is usually in the form of…
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Salary Chain

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Q45 0/100

Are chains of command separate from chains of payment?

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Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, the chains of commands and chains of payments are not separate, evidence shows that commanders punish lower officers and soldiers…
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Values and Standards

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Q46 13/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 25 / 100
There is a Military Code of Conduct however, the content and the Code of Conduct is not available and no guidance is given at…
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Transparency Score: 25 / 100
According to our sources, although there is a Code of Conduct, it is not available for the public, as well as not readily available…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
The code of conduct is not readily available, there is no enforcement mechanism and therefore, it is not credible (1), (2), (3).
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Training Score: 0 / 100
There is a Military Code of Conduct however, the content and the Code of Conduct is not available and no guidance is given at…
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Q47 13/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 25 / 100
According to our sources, a new Code of Conduct was drafted and recognized by the Council of Ministers in 2014 for all civilian personnel…
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Transparency Score: 25 / 100
According to our sources, the Code of Conduct is not available always to all officers, and it is hard to find a copy of…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, as the code of conduct is not readily available, there is no enforcement mechanism, and therefore, it is not credible…
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Training Score: 0 / 100
There is no evidence that training is provided to civilian personnel on the Code of Conduct (1), (2), (3), (4).
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Q48 0/100

Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, there has not been any training on anti-corruption or transparency. Although some training is organized in Egypt on anti-corruption in…
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Regularity Score: NA / 100
This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because the country has no regular anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel.
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Coverage of personnel Score: NA / 100
This sub-indicator has been marked Not Applicable because the country has no regular anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel.
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Q49 0/100

Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?

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Policy Score: 0 / 100
All information regarding the investigation and prosecution of defence personnel for all crimes, especially corruption, is secrets since military courts have exclusive jurisdiction over…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
No information on prosecutions or outcomes is made publicly available, and the little information available in the public domain is usually through the testimonies…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, there is a complete failure to investigate any corruption activities, even when there is clear evidence. Usually, those who commit…
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Q50 17/100

Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?

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Legal framework Score: 50 / 100
Although facilitation payments are not named explicitly in the law, the Illicit Gains Law no. 62 (1975) has a broad definition of “illicit profiteering”…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
Although the law does criminalize all forms of profiteering that stem from the abuse of a public position, military personnel and officers can only…
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Prevalence Score: 0 / 100
According to our sources, facilitation payments are widespread at many levels and in almost every unit, mainly contracts and the industrial sector of the…
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