Political Risk:
High
Score:
38/100
1
50/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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Formally, Parliament approves, enforces, and supervises laws on defence and security; approves and reviews state budget included in the defence and security budget; and…
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There is legislation guaranteeing legislative oversight over defence policy. Article 178(n) of the Constitution assigns the Assembly the responsibility to define defence and security…
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According to the Parliamentary Rules of Procedure [1] and the Defence and Security Policy [2], legislative scrutiny of defence policy is required to be…
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2
33/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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In Parliament, there is the Defence, Security and Public Order Committee responsible for national defence and security policies; policies for training and developing the…
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It has been alleged that a number of the Parliamentary Defence and Security Committee members do not possess sufficient knowledge of the National Defence…
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The Defence and Security Policy of the Republic of Mozambique was approved by Act 17/97, of October 1, in 1997 [1, 2], and revised…
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Short-term oversight of Defence and Security Units is rarely conducted due to a lack of resources, particularly for funding the travel of members of…
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There is a Parliamentary Committee for Defence, Order and Public Security whose mission is to provide long-term supervision [1]. However, usually, long-term and strategic…
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The Ministry of Defence, sometimes, incorporate recommendations into their practices, taking into account what is established by the Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique…
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3
6/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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There is a National Defence and Security Policy [1], but there is no National Defence and Security Strategy. The Defence and Security Policy is…
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The discussion is not deep and focuses on issues related to the mission, objectives, responsibilities, and exclusivity of each Defence and Security Forces, civil-military…
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The Defence and Security Policy requires citizens to defend the homeland and promote state security and public order. It also outlines the involvement of…
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The public can access documents and information on the Defence and Security Policy in Parliament. There is the Parliament Library that makes all documents…
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4
33/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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The culture of secrecy regarding defence and security issues compromises transparency and the relationship with civil society organisations [5]. One of the basic guiding…
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Since the early 1990s, CSOs in Mozambique have benefited from a range of legal protections, including the rights to freedom of association, expression, and…
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The Defence and Security Institutions engage CSOs on several aspects of National Defence and Security, including gender issues [1], Child soldiers [2], human rights…
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5
63/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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According to SIPRI, Mozambique is not a significant arms exporter [1]. It signed up and ratified at least the UNCAC Convention, the African Union…
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The country is not a significant producer and exporter of Defence and Security products, but it has signed and ratified the Arms Trade Treaty…
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6
38/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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In Mozambique, public debate among academics, journalists, opinion makers and CSOs on matters of defence and national security is occasional. This debate is conducted…
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Traditionally, the government has been relatively uninvolved in public discussions on defence and security. However, with the emergence of the terrorist insurgency in Cabo…
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7
38/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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In Mozambique, there is a general legal and institutional framework for combating corruption. There is no specific anti-corruption legislation for the Defence Sector [1].…
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In recent years, Mozambique’s leadership has repeatedly emphasised the need to combat corruption within the defence sector. In 2021, during the opening of the…
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8
42/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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In the Mozambican Armed Forces, there is the Inspectorate General of Defence, which is a unit responsible for monitoring compliance, ethics, integrity, and corruption…
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The Constitution of the Republic, the Defence Policy, and the ordinary laws of the Defence and Security Forces require that the Defence and Security…
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In terms of effectiveness, the staff of the Ministry of Defence and the Mozambican Armed Forces who deal with inspection, integrity, ethics, and anti-corruption…
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9
NS/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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The level of trust in the Armed Forces, as one of the most honest and trustworthy institutions in Mozambique, has decreased given the lack…
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10
0/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
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The assessments of the General Inspectorate of Defence have focused on the inspection of Human Resources; Inspection of Material Resources; Inspection of Financial Resources;…
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No corruption risks assessment are conducted in the defence sector so this indicator is marked Non Applicable [1, 2, 3].
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No corruption risks assessment are conducted in the defence sector so this indicator is marked Non Applicable [1, 2, 3].
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11
50/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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There is a clear process for the entire production cycle, acquisition planning, export and import of defence products [1]; the Defence Budget is made…
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The expenditure on the production, acquisition planning, and export of defence products is presented in the General State Budget and in the Economic and…
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The inspection, supervision, and monitoring units operate within a legal framework, which includes: 1) Parliamentary Regulations, granting oversight powers and responsibilities to the Defence,…
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12
100/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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The Defence Budget of Mozambique is integrated into the State Budget and is presented with a comprehensive and disaggregated breakdown of expenditure across functions.…
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According to Mozambique’s legal framework, specifically the SISTAFE Law (Sistema de Administração Financeira do Estado), the government is mandated to submit the draft State…
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13
75/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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The Parliamentary Defence, Security and Public Order Commission has powers to supervise the defence budget [1]. The defence budget is incorporated into the General…
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The Parliamentary Committee on Defence, Security and Public Order has the authority to analyse the Defence Budget and attempts to influence budgetary decisions through…
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14
42/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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The approved Defence Budget is proactively published for the public through the Economic and Social Plan and State Budget [1]. In practice, citizens, civil…
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The vast majority of the approved Defence Budget is fully disclosed and comprehensiveness to the media and civil society actors, with exceptions made for…
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The approved Defence Budget is made publicly available on the website of the Ministry of Economy and Finance and is published in the Official…
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15
33/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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The Defence and Security institutions (Armed Forces, Police Forces and Intelligence Services) have their companies and economic and financial enterprises, such as “Empresas Monte…
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Mechanisms for scrutiny and oversight are in place and administered by a central government department. At the Ministry of National Defence, the General Inspectorate…
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The defence revenue sources other than central government allocations are monitored and audited internally and externally. Internal audits are conducted by the National Defence…
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16
50/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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The National Defence Inspectorate is responsible for ensuring oversight and accountability within the Ministry of National Defence. Its key functions include: • Conducting inspections,…
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The inspections are carried out for sensitive or critical issues related to human resources, financial resources and operational issues, but are for the exclusive…
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Internal audit reports and Armed Forces documents are classified as “Secret” under the State Secrets Law [1, 2]. These reports are rarely shared with…
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In terms of institutional outcomes, the internal audits is carried out by the National Defence Inspectorate and there are very few cases of disclosure…
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17
0/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
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In Mozambique, external auditing of the Armed Forces is extremely limited. There is no supreme audit institution with a dedicated mandate over the defence…
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There is no supreme institution that carries out external audits of defence expenditure [1, 2]. Therefore, this indicator is marked Not Applicable.
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There is no supreme institution that carries out external audits of defence expenditure [1, 2]. Therefore, this indicator is marked Not Applicable.
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There is no supreme institution that carries out external audits of defence expenditure [1, 2]. Therefore, this indicator is marked Not Applicable.
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18
30/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
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The Constitution of the Republic [1], the Defence and Security Policy [2], and the Law on National Defence and the Armed Forces [3] do…
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The Constitution of the Republic and Defence Policy would prohibit defence institutions from engaging in business related to the exploitation of the country’s natural…
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The Statute of the Military of the Armed Forces of Mozambique states that military personnel, in the exercise of their functions, are exclusively at…
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The Constitution of the Republic as well as the Defence Policy attribute the exclusive function of the Armed Forces to guaranteeing the military component…
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The interests and business of defence institutions associated with the exploitation of natural resources, particularly in Northern Mozambique, where mineral resources and liquefied natural…
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19
50/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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20
50/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
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The General Inspectorate of Defence is a body of the Ministry of National Defence responsible for supervising and controlling the correct administration of human,…
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The independence of the General Inspectorate of Defence is established in formal terms, but the appointment of the Inspector General depends on the Minister…
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The Inspectorate-General of Defence is legally independent and autonomous [1]. However, in practice, it is politically influenced, as the Minister of National Defence appoints…
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21
13/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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The Parliamentary Committee on Defence, Security and Public Order has specific competence over the State’s Intelligence and Security Policies (SISE) [1]. This includes reviewing…
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The parliamentary oversight function has little or no influence over the Intelligence Services, because the legislation on Protection of State Secrets and Right to…
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22
33/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
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In Mozambique, Intelligence Sector issues are competitive and protected by the State Secrets Law [1]. The Intelligence Policy is not public, and the recruitment…
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Traditionally, senior positions in the Intelligence Services depend more on the trust of the executive than on the technical competence and knowledge of the…
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The recruitment and appointment follow the Verification element, but the process does not require a public competition and observes the principles of confidentiality of…
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23
50/100
Does the government have a well-scrutinised process for arms export decisions that aligns with Articles 7.1.iv, 11.5, and 15.6 of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)?
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On 3 June 2013, Mozambique signed the ATT Treaty [1]; on 14 December 2018, it deposited the Treaty [1]; and by Resolution No. 11/2018…
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Since the ratification of the ATT in 2018, Mozambique has not yet submitted an Annual Report [1]. Between 2013 and 2019, Mozambique experienced political-military…
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Mozambique is not a weapons producer yet, but Article 8 of the regulation on defence products, approved by Decree No. 34/2007 of 10 August,…
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Despite lobbying activity and some prominent corruption cases involving lobbyists, the country has no framework for regulating lobbying. There is only the Public Probity…
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The public officials in defence institutions are not required to publish records of lobbying meetings or to disclose any identified conflicts of interest risks.…
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The public officials in defence institutions are not required to publish records of lobbying meetings or to disclose any identified conflicts of interest risks.…
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There is no oversight or enforcement of lobbying legislation. The institution that could deal with lobbying supervision would be Parliament and the Attorney General’s…
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Defence and Security Policy and Policy Transparency
Q1
NA/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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Q2
NA/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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Q3
NA/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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Q4
NA/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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Q5
NA/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Q6
NA/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Q7
NA/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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Q8
NA/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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Q9
NA/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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Q10
NA/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
View QuestionDefence Budgets
Q11
NA/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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Q12
NA/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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Q13
NA/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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Q14
NA/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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Q15
NA/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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Q16
NA/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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Q17
NA/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
View QuestionNexus of Defence and National Assets
Q18
NA/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
View QuestionOrganised Crime
Q19
NA/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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Q20
NA/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
View QuestionControl of Intelligence Services
Q21
NA/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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Q22
NA/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
View QuestionExport Controls
Q23
NA/100