Personnel Risk:
Critical
Score:
9/100
Leadership Behaviour
Q34
17/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
View Question
The Minister of Defence does not talk publicly about corruption risk. Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun, spokesperson for the military, said that the military…
Explore
According to Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun, corruption risk is not neglected and offenders have been punished through the military’s internal mechanism [1]. In…
Explore
Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, C-in-C of the Defence Services, gave a speech about becoming dutiful, honest and principled leaders at a Defence Service…
Explore
Q35
13/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
View Question
The Myanmar military is outside the jurisdiction of the Anti-Corruption Law. According to U Aung Kyi, Chairperson of the ACC, the Constitution grants the…
Explore
The public are not able to access details about the military’s level of enforcement because the Tatmadaw rarely releases information about its anti-corruption status.…
Explore
Q36
0/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
View Question
The Anti-Corruption Commission is preparing a Whistleblower Protection Bill [1,2]. The assessor could not ascertain whether such a law currently exists within the Tatmadaw…
Explore
According to U Aung Kyi, Chairperson of the ACC, preparations are under way for a Whistleblower Protection Bill and this proposed law will also…
Explore
Major Than Htike Aung was detained after releasing a social media post relating to corruption in military-owned businesses, under the rule that military personnel…
Explore
Q37
0/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
View Question
The Directorate of Procurement is directly responsible for defence procurement [1], but the military rarely makes the appointment process public. MEHL and MCP also…
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’. The Directorate of Procurement is directly responsible for defence procurement, but the military rarely makes the appointment process…
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’. Military personnel enjoy immunity from the Anti-Corruption Law[1]. There is no special officer appointed in regiments to oversee…
Explore
Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
0/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
View Question
The official number of military personnel is not posted on either the Ministry of Defence website or the website of Senior General Min Aung…
Explore
Official information about the number of military personnel in the army is not publicly available. The Ministry of Defence does not publicly provide any…
Explore
The assessor was not able to access any verified information about ghost soldiers in Myanmar’s army; however, questions have been raised regarding the number…
Explore
Q39
0/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
View Question
Information on pay rates is not publicly available. There are pay rates based on rank defined in the military handbook, but it is not…
Explore
There are certain allowances for rations and distinguished service [1]. However, information about allowance rates and the criteria for procurement is not publicly available.…
Explore
Q40
42/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
View Question
There is the Payment of Wages Law in Myanmar, enacted in 2016 [1], but military personnel are not included under this law because the…
Explore
Shares for the Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC) and life insurance premiums are duducted from personnel’s salary. Apart from that, personnel receive accurate payment [1].…
Explore
There is a handbook specifying pay rates for personnel based on their rank in the military and an official said it could be published…
Explore
Q41
17/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
View Question
There is a formal selection process for military personnel at the top management level. However, the criteria and selection process for nominees is not…
Explore
Article 232(c) of the 2008 Constitution grants the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Parliament) the power to scrutinise the list of Defence Services personnel nominated by the…
Explore
As Myanmar’s military normally handles its affairs internally, the selection process is not publicly available. However, the press normally writes its news on military…
Explore
Q42
8/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
View Question
There is a formal process indicating criteria for promotion [1]. The public are not able to access any information about the factors of the…
Explore
According to an interview with a retired official, there is a process of acting ranks in battle. However, this is not governed by formal…
Explore
No information is published about postings or promotions in the military or on the website of the Ministry of Defence. Further information could not…
Explore
Since no information is released about postings or the promotion cycle, this indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’.
Explore
Conscription and Recruitment
Q43
0/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
View Question
There are no policies or rules against bribery for avoiding compulsory conscription. According to Article 20(d) of the Constitution, the Defence Services has the…
Explore
The conscription law is yet to come into force and therefore sanctions for receiving bribes for avoiding conscription are not applicable in this context.…
Explore
The conscription law is yet to come into force and therefore sanctions for receiving bribes for avoiding conscription are not applicable in this context.…
Explore
Q44
0/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
View Question
The Military Misconduct Law includes provisions on the misuse of power and misuse of authority. The Military Misconduct Law is not publicly available and…
Explore
Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun, spokesperson for the military, said that the military does not neglect corruption cases and has taken action against corrupt…
Explore
The military tackles corruption internally and rarely makes prosecutions public [1]. Section 52 of the Defence Services Act covers corruption and bribery in general…
Explore
Salary Chain
The chain of command is separated from chains of payment with the exception of the delivery of salaries for frontline personnel [1,2].
Explore
Values and Standards
Q46
0/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
View Question
There is no separate Code of Conduct applicable to military personnel. Nonetheless, the Military Misconduct Law includes provisions on the misuse of power and…
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’, as there is no separate Code of Conduct applicable to military personnel. However, in an interview, a retired…
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as there is no separate Code of Conduct. However, corrupt officials are punished in accordance with the regulations…
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ as there is no separate Code of Conduct. Although there are no training courses authorised by the command,…
Explore
Q47
0/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
View Question
There is no separate Code of Conduct for civilian personnel. However, there is general legislation in the form of the Anti-Corruption Law, which was…
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’, as there is no separate Code of Conduct for civilian personnel.
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’, as there is no separate Code of Conduct for civilian personnel.
Explore
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’, as there is no separate Code of Conduct for civilian personnel.
Explore
Q48
0/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
View Question
There is no anti-corruption training provided for military and civilian personnel in the Ministry of Defence [1,2,3].
Explore
Since no evidence was found in publicly available sources of any anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel (see 48A), this indicator is marked…
Explore
Since no evidence was found in publicly available sources of any anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel (see 48A), this indicator is marked…
Explore
Q49
0/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
View Question
There is no formal policy for releasing information on the outcome of prosecutions [1]. However, there is some evidence that the military releases information…
Explore
Information about prosecutions is not made public. According to Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun, the Tatmadaw has taken action against corrupt officials, including high-ranking…
Explore
The military handles corruption internally but, as General Zaw Min Tun stated at a press conference in response to a question about military prosecutions,…
Explore
Q50
0/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
View Question
Myanmar’s Anti-Corruption Law does not address facilitation payments of any size. Another problem is also the definition of facilitation payments in the language of…
Explore
Facilitation payments are not prohibited by law [1]. As such, this indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’.
Explore
Small facilitation payments are a very common type of petty corruption that exists in the public servant sector of Myanmar’s bureaucracy [1]. Facilitation payments…
Explore