Personnel Risk:

High

Score:

42/100

Leadership Behaviour

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Q34 58/100

Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?

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Chiefs/Ministers: Internal communications Score: 75 / 100
The announcement of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters on Ethical Operations, made by Commander-in-Chief of the Army on May 25, 2017, indicates the…
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Chiefs/Ministers: Public commitment Score: 75 / 100
When the NCPO seized power on May 22, 2014, one of the justifications it gave to the public was the high levels of corruption…
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Unit commanders and leaders Score: 25 / 100
According to the Anti-Corruption Charter of the Royal Thai Army, published in 2012, senior ministry staff and senior armed forces officers should raise awareness…
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Q35 25/100

Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?

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Sanctions Score: 50 / 100
Under the Constitution of 2017, the Organic Act on Counter Corruption (OACC) remains in effect [1]. The Organic Law on Counter Corruption (1999) criminalises corrupt practices…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
Even though the junta government rose to power by promoting its anti-corruption crusade against the administration of then-Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, the generals themselves have…
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Q36 8/100

Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?

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Legal provisions Score: 0 / 100
The Regulations of the Ministry of Defence on the Investigations of the Office of the Inspector General B.E. 2552 (2009) state that the documents…
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Prioritisation Score: 25 / 100
Since the adoption of the Military Disciplinary Act in 1933, there have been problems with the lack of appeal-making policies and procedures, which enables…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
Although the Commander-in-Chief ordered the establishment of a direct hotline to him as a part of the new whistleblowing policy, many interviewed military officials…
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Q37 0/100

Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?

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Coverage of sensitive (higher-risk) positions Score: 0 / 100
According to the Regulations of Prime Minister Office on Procurement Administration 1992, Article 11, the Committee for Procurement is responsible for monitoring procurement management.…
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Selection process Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’, as there is no recognition that some positions are more at risk to corruption. As stated in Army…
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Oversight Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’, as there is no recognition that some positions are more at risk of corruption. The decisions regarding the…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards

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Q38 0/100

Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?

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Accuracy Score: 0 / 100
In 1991, by the cabinet’s resolution, the Ministry of Finance, introduced the central provident fund system, which led to the establishment of the Government…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
No accurate information on the number of civilian and military personnel is actually made publicly available by the Ministry of Defence. Nonetheless, there is…
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Ghost soldiers Score: 0 / 100
In Thailand, ghost soldiers are mainly evident in two scenarios. First, some soldiers decide to pay or give their salaries to their commanders in…
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Q39 100/100

Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?

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Pay rates Score: 100 / 100
Pay rates for all civilian and military personnel are publicly available and disaggregated by rank. This is detailed in the public pay rate structure…
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Allowances Score: 100 / 100
Information on allowances for all civilian and military personnel, including the criteria for eligibility and the calculation methods, are openly published in two major…
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Q40 58/100

Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?

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Timeliness Score: 100 / 100
According to the Royal Decree on Salaries, Pension and Other Kinds of Incomes 1992, Section 20, salary payments for civil servants must be completed…
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Accuracy Score: 0 / 100
In 2018, the Comptroller General’s Department announced a new policy requiring the MoD to pay salaries to each military official’s account through the E-Social…
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Transparency Score: 75 / 100
The annex in the Military Service Act 2008 details the pay brackets for all ranks, disaggregated by seniority, and the allowances for all civilian…
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Q41 8/100

Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?

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Formal process Score: 25 / 100
The criteria for the selection of military personnel are defined in the Regulations of Ministry of Defence on Appointment and Promotion of Military Officers…
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Scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
According to the Regulations of Ministry of Defence on Appointment and Promotion of Military Officers 1998, Section 16, the appointment and promotion of military…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
Little to no information is released about the appointment process since the decision is made internally by the committee formulated within the MoD [1].…
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Q42 50/100

Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.

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Formal process Score: 25 / 100
According to the Regulations of Ministry of Defence on Appointment and Promotion of Military Officers 1998 and the Ministerial Regulations on Criteria and Procedures…
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Exceptions Score: 0 / 100
In addition to the appointment and promotion of military personnel, which is conducted through formal appraisal processes and promotions boards, the military permits other…
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Comprehensiveness Score: 100 / 100
Military personnel are allowed to request promotion twice a year (in April and October) every year [1]. The result of each appointment is publicly…
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Frequency Score: 75 / 100
Military personnel are allowed to request promotion twice a year (in April and October) every year [1]. The results are published afterwards through the…
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Conscription and Recruitment

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Q43 67/100

Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 100 / 100
According to the Military Service Act 1954, Section 44-45, conscription is compulsory in Thailand. It states that any man who avoids conscription by any…
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Sanctions Score: 50 / 100
According to the Military Service Act 1954, Section 44-45, conscription is compulsory in Thailand. It states that any man who avoids conscription by any…
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Enforcement Score: 50 / 100
Even though possible sanctions for bribery offences committed in order to avoid compulsory conscription do exist, including criminal prosecution and considerable financial penalties, the…
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Q44 67/100

is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 100 / 100
According to the Anti-Corruption Act 2018, Section 173, any state official offering, giving, receiving or soliciting bribes shall be fined 100,000-400,000 baht, imprisoned for…
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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
According to the Anti-Corruption Act 2018, Section 173, any state official offering, giving, receiving or soliciting bribes shall be fined 100,000-400,000 baht, imprisoned for…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
According to Hadrien Saperstein (2020), the promotion of officers across the military is more dependent on the candidate’s pre-cadet class (who mostly are from rich…
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Salary Chain

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Q45 25/100

Are chains of command separate from chains of payment?

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Score: 25 / 100
In 2018, the Comptroller General’s Department announced a new policy that requires the MoD to pay salaries to each military official’s account via the…
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Values and Standards

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Q46 69/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 75 / 100
In 2018, the Commander-in-Chief approved the Strategic Plan on Corruption Prevention and Suppression within the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters. He also approved the…
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Transparency Score: 100 / 100
The Strategic Plan on Corruption Prevention and Suppression within the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters 2018 and the Masterplan and Operational Code of Conduct…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
The National Strategy on Corruption Prevention and Suppression within the Ministry of Defence 2017-2021, which includes the Masterplan and Operational Code of Conduct for…
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Training Score: 100 / 100
The Strategic Plan on Corruption Prevention and Suppression within the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters 2018 and the Masterplan and Operational Code of Conduct…
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Q47 50/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 50 / 100
The Civil Servants Act 2008, Section 85, defines and prohibits bribery, gifts and hospitality and conflicts of interest [1]. In addition, the Civil Service…
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Transparency Score: 100 / 100
Fundamentally, laws and national strategies regarding anti-corruption policy are communicated to all civilian personnel in accordance with the short-term and long-term masterplans and strategies…
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Enforcement Score: 25 / 100
Even though many laws and national strategies concerning corruption issues have been implemented for a long time, breaches of the Code of Conduct are…
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Training Score: 25 / 100
According to the Civil Servants Act 2008, Section 79, supervising officials are only required to order a civil servant to undertake the Code of…
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Q48 58/100

Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 50 / 100
According to the Code of Conduct on Corruption Prevention and Suppression, implemented by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, activities are regularly conducted to…
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Regularity Score: 50 / 100
According to the Code of Conduct on Corruption Prevention and Suppression 2019, formal anti-corruption training must be conducted every year for military and civilian…
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Coverage of personnel Score: 75 / 100
According to the Code of Conduct on Corruption Prevention and Suppression 2019, formal anti-corruption training must be conducted at all military levels [1]. According…
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Q49 33/100

Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?

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Policy Score: 75 / 100
During the NCPO’s regime, led by Prayut Chan Chan-o-cha since the 2014 coup, NCPO Order No. 69/2257 was issued to broadly define the prosecution…
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Transparency Score: 25 / 100
During the six-year rule of the NCPO’s regime led by Gen Prayut, NCPO Order NO. 69/2257 was issued to broadly define the prosecution procedures…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
In 2014, the Committee for Anti-Corruption was established but it was entirely made up of military generals. Two years later, there was a law…
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Q50 33/100

Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?

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Legal framework Score: 100 / 100
Legally, the OACC prohibits state officials from receiving any type of payments, which would include both bribes and facilitation payments. Therefore, it is illegal…
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
In Thailand, anti-corruption legislation is insufficiently enforced and facilitation payments and gifts are practically common. Facilitation payments made to civil servants who are responsible for regulatory…
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Prevalence Score: 0 / 100
In Thailand, facilitation payments and gifts are practically common, especially facilitation payments made to civil servants responsible for regulatory bodies [1]. After the general election in…
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