Personnel Risk:
Moderate
Score:
53/100
Leadership Behaviour
Q34
42/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
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Internal communications from the Ministers or other Senior Defence Officers are not published. It is not clear whether such communications are meted out or…
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There are public announcements in the fight against corruption on various platforms [1]. For example, the former Minister of Defence, Justice and Security was…
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Unit Commanders are not on record with regards to their commitment to uphold and promote anti-corruption measures as well as integrity within the defence…
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Q35
100/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
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The national legal framework against corruption includes, principally, the Corruption and Economic Crime Act (as amended) (CECA), Proceeds and Instruments of Crime Act (as…
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Effective measures are in place as provided for by the Corruption and Economic Crime Act. Whilst there have not been any reported cases of…
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Q36
75/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
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The Whistleblower Protection Act 19 of 2016 provides for how a person may disclose conduct adverse to the public interest; to provide for the…
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There is no Unit that deals with whistleblower protection training as of yet. This can be explained by the fact that the Whistleblower Act…
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There is not enough information to score this indicator as this is a new Act and it is too early to make determinations on…
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Q37
NEI/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
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There is not enough information to score this indicator. There is a lack of information to indicate whether certain positions are recognised as being…
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There is not enough information to score this indicator. It is not clear where there are specific procedures in place to limit conflict of…
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There is not enough information to score this indicator. The only known mechanism that is publicly known is through court cases. Oversight is provided…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
42/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
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The number of civilian and military personnel is closely guarded and is not publicly available. The stastitics that are available are etimates based on…
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As explained in 38A above, the information is not available to the public [1,2].
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The issue of ghost soldiers was problematic around 2014 but has been resolved [1]. No such issues have been raised in the last five…
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Q39
63/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
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General information on the salary grades of civil servants is available [1]. However, no specific grades for military personnel are publicly available. A 2019…
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There is some information on conversion of fixed allowances in the 2019 White Paper on Public Service Management; however, it does not distinguish between…
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Q40
92/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
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Pay days for civil servants are known and adhered to almost religiously [1,2].
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In 2019, the Government approved the alignment of the Botswana Defence force (BDF) pay structure with that of the public service. Addressing Rakhuna Base…
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The BDF salary structure was reviewed in 2019, which led to unrest among the soldiers due to the promotion of some diploma holders and…
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Q41
17/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
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There is a formal process for appointments as provided in terms of the BDF Act. Section 4 provides for the Application of Other Ranks…
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There is no regular external scrutiny of appointments to the BDF. However, where necessary the Courts may take action with regards to the appointment…
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It is not clear how senior positions are filled. Responding to this lack of clarity, it was reported that “Botswana soldiers understand their unique…
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Q42
17/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
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The promotion of the personnel is defined in the law. Depending on the post of the promotion that needs to be filled, there have…
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There is not enough evidence to score this indicator. Ranks are awarded in terms of the Botswana Defence Force Act (Cap. 21:05) and the…
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Postings and promotions are not published except for the top high ranking officials [1,2,3]
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No information about postings and promotions is published. A search of government websites and media sources did not reveal this information.
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Conscription and Recruitment
Q43
NA/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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There is no compulsory conscription in Botswana [1,2]. As such, this indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’.
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There is no compulsory conscription in Botswana [1,2]. As such, this indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’.
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There is no compulsory conscription in Botswana [1,2]. As such, this indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’.
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Q44
100/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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Bribery is dealt with in terms of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act (CECA) [1]. There is no policy and/or strict rules relating to…
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The Sanctions as provided for in CECA apply as soliciting bribes for preferred postings is classified as corruption [1,2]. In terms of section 36…
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In terms of the law, CECA provides appropriate enforcement mechanisms [1,2]. In practice, there are no reported cases that directly implicate the BDF, except…
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Salary Chain
Chains of Command are separate from Chains of Payment. Chains of Commanda are regulated in terms of the Botswana Defence Force Act (Cap. 21:05)…
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Values and Standards
Q46
31/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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According to the Government of Botswana, Botswana’s value system is based on the bedrock of Botho [1]. It is the overarching principle under which…
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The military personnel are handed the Code of Conduct during their time of appointment [1]. However, the Code of Conduct is not available to…
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Cases of breach of the Code of Conduct are investigated. However, there are not so many cases that are available in the public domain.…
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The BDF website indicates that “BDF values are enforced by […] Code of Military Discipline and Code of Professional Conduct” [1], however there is…
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Q47
50/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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Botswana does have General Public Service Principles and Standards that are meant to guide the conduct of the civil servants on matters of corruption,…
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The General Public Service Principles and Standards are available but not to the general public [1,2]. As noted in 47A above, the Code that…
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Enforcement of the General Public Service Principles and Standards is occasionally carried out [1,2]. For example in 2020, the Voice reported that following the…
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Guidance is given to civil servants on an ad-hoc basis as part of training [1]. There is no widespread training, it depends on the…
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Q48
17/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
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Anti-corruption training for civil personnel is conducted by the Directorate of Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) [1]. There is no evidence of anti-corruption training…
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Anti-corruption training is not scheduled but it is conducted on ad hoc basis [1]. In addition, it is also done upon request to the…
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Regular anti-corruption training for the military and civilian personnel is not carried out by a specific program [1]. It is discretionary at the expedience…
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Q49
0/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
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There is no defence policy to make the outcomes of defence prosecution public [1,2].
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There is no policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities and is no there evidence of…
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In the absence of such policy as highlighted in 49A and 49B, and the absence of further information relating to prosecutions, it is not…
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Q50
NEI/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
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There are no express provisions that regulate facilitation payments. However, inference of its illegality can be deduced from the CECA [1,2]. The OECD notes…
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There are no express provisions that regulate facilitation payments. It follows that there are no sanctions as there is no crime known as facilitation…
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There is very little information regarding facilitation payments in the defence sector. As such, this indicator cannot be scored and is marked ‘Not Enough…
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