Personnel Risk:

Moderate

Score:

53/100

Leadership Behaviour

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Q34 42/100

Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?

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Chiefs/Ministers: Internal communications Score: 25 / 100
Internal communications from the Ministers or other Senior Defence Officers are not published. It is not clear whether such communications are meted out or…
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Chiefs/Ministers: Public commitment Score: 50 / 100
There are public announcements in the fight against corruption on various platforms [1]. For example, the former Minister of Defence, Justice and Security was…
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Unit commanders and leaders Score: 50 / 100
Unit Commanders are not on record with regards to their commitment to uphold and promote anti-corruption measures as well as integrity within the defence…
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Q35 100/100

Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?

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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
The national legal framework against corruption includes, principally, the Corruption and Economic Crime Act (as amended) (CECA), Proceeds and Instruments of Crime Act (as…
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Enforcement Score: 100 / 100
Effective measures are in place as provided for by the Corruption and Economic Crime Act. Whilst there have not been any reported cases of…
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Q36 75/100

Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?

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Legal provisions Score: 100 / 100
The Whistleblower Protection Act 19 of 2016 provides for how a person may disclose conduct adverse to the public interest; to provide for the…
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Prioritisation Score: 50 / 100
There is no Unit that deals with whistleblower protection training as of yet. This can be explained by the fact that the Whistleblower Act…
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Effectiveness Score: NEI / 100
There is not enough information to score this indicator as this is a new Act and it is too early to make determinations on…
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Q37 NEI/100

Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?

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Coverage of sensitive (higher-risk) positions Score: NEI / 100
There is not enough information to score this indicator. There is a lack of information to indicate whether certain positions are recognised as being…
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Selection process Score: NEI / 100
There is not enough information to score this indicator. It is not clear where there are specific procedures in place to limit conflict of…
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Oversight Score: NEI / 100
There is not enough information to score this indicator. The only known mechanism that is publicly known is through court cases. Oversight is provided…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards

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Q38 42/100

Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?

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Accuracy Score: 25 / 100
The number of civilian and military personnel is closely guarded and is not publicly available. The stastitics that are available are etimates based on…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
As explained in 38A above, the information is not available to the public [1,2].
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Ghost soldiers Score: 100 / 100
The issue of ghost soldiers was problematic around 2014 but has been resolved [1]. No such issues have been raised in the last five…
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Q39 63/100

Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?

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Pay rates Score: 75 / 100
General information on the salary grades of civil servants is available [1]. However, no specific grades for military personnel are publicly available. A 2019…
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Allowances Score: 50 / 100
There is some information on conversion of fixed allowances in the 2019 White Paper on Public Service Management; however, it does not distinguish between…
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Q40 92/100

Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?

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Timeliness Score: 100 / 100
Pay days for civil servants are known and adhered to almost religiously [1,2].
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Accuracy Score: 100 / 100
In 2019, the Government approved the alignment of the Botswana Defence force (BDF) pay structure with that of the public service. Addressing Rakhuna Base…
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Transparency Score: 75 / 100
The BDF salary structure was reviewed in 2019, which led to unrest among the soldiers due to the promotion of some diploma holders and…
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Q41 17/100

Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?

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Formal process Score: 50 / 100
There is a formal process for appointments as provided in terms of the BDF Act. Section 4 provides for the Application of Other Ranks…
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Scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
There is no regular external scrutiny of appointments to the BDF. However, where necessary the Courts may take action with regards to the appointment…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
It is not clear how senior positions are filled. Responding to this lack of clarity, it was reported that “Botswana soldiers understand their unique…
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Q42 17/100

Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.

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Formal process Score: 50 / 100
The promotion of the personnel is defined in the law. Depending on the post of the promotion that needs to be filled, there have…
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Exceptions Score: NEI / 100
There is not enough evidence to score this indicator. Ranks are awarded in terms of the Botswana Defence Force Act (Cap. 21:05) and the…
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Comprehensiveness Score: 0 / 100
Postings and promotions are not published except for the top high ranking officials [1,2,3]
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Frequency Score: 0 / 100
No information about postings and promotions is published. A search of government websites and media sources did not reveal this information.
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Conscription and Recruitment

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Q43 NA/100

Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: NA / 100
There is no compulsory conscription in Botswana [1,2]. As such, this indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’.
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Sanctions Score: NA / 100
There is no compulsory conscription in Botswana [1,2]. As such, this indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’.
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
There is no compulsory conscription in Botswana [1,2]. As such, this indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’.
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Q44 100/100

is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 100 / 100
Bribery is dealt with in terms of the Corruption and Economic Crime Act (CECA) [1]. There is no policy and/or strict rules relating to…
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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
The Sanctions as provided for in CECA apply as soliciting bribes for preferred postings is classified as corruption [1,2]. In terms of section 36…
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Enforcement Score: NEI / 100
In terms of the law, CECA provides appropriate enforcement mechanisms [1,2]. In practice, there are no reported cases that directly implicate the BDF, except…
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Salary Chain

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Q45 100/100

Are chains of command separate from chains of payment?

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Score: 100 / 100
Chains of Command are separate from Chains of Payment. Chains of Commanda are regulated in terms of the Botswana Defence Force Act (Cap. 21:05)…
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Values and Standards

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Q46 31/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 25 / 100
According to the Government of Botswana, Botswana’s value system is based on the bedrock of Botho [1]. It is the overarching principle under which…
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Transparency Score: 50 / 100
The military personnel are handed the Code of Conduct during their time of appointment [1]. However, the Code of Conduct is not available to…
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Enforcement Score: 50 / 100
Cases of breach of the Code of Conduct are investigated. However, there are not so many cases that are available in the public domain.…
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Training Score: 0 / 100
The BDF website indicates that “BDF values are enforced by […] Code of Military Discipline and Code of Professional Conduct” [1], however there is…
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Q47 50/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 25 / 100
Botswana does have General Public Service Principles and Standards that are meant to guide the conduct of the civil servants on matters of corruption,…
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Transparency Score: 50 / 100
The General Public Service Principles and Standards are available but not to the general public [1,2]. As noted in 47A above, the Code that…
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Enforcement Score: 75 / 100
Enforcement of the General Public Service Principles and Standards is occasionally carried out [1,2]. For example in 2020, the Voice reported that following the…
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Training Score: 50 / 100
Guidance is given to civil servants on an ad-hoc basis as part of training [1]. There is no widespread training, it depends on the…
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Q48 17/100

Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 25 / 100
Anti-corruption training for civil personnel is conducted by the Directorate of Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) [1]. There is no evidence of anti-corruption training…
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Regularity Score: 25 / 100
Anti-corruption training is not scheduled but it is conducted on ad hoc basis [1]. In addition, it is also done upon request to the…
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Coverage of personnel Score: 0 / 100
Regular anti-corruption training for the military and civilian personnel is not carried out by a specific program [1]. It is discretionary at the expedience…
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Q49 0/100

Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?

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Policy Score: 0 / 100
There is no defence policy to make the outcomes of defence prosecution public [1,2].
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
There is no policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities and is no there evidence of…
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Effectiveness Score: NEI / 100
In the absence of such policy as highlighted in 49A and 49B, and the absence of further information relating to prosecutions, it is not…
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Q50 NEI/100

Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?

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Legal framework Score: 50 / 100
There are no express provisions that regulate facilitation payments. However, inference of its illegality can be deduced from the CECA [1,2]. The OECD notes…
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
There are no express provisions that regulate facilitation payments. It follows that there are no sanctions as there is no crime known as facilitation…
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Prevalence Score: NEI / 100
There is very little information regarding facilitation payments in the defence sector. As such, this indicator cannot be scored and is marked ‘Not Enough…
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