Procurement Risk:

Very High

Score:

20/100

Government Policy

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Q57 50/100

Does the country have legislation covering defence and security procurement with clauses specific to corruption risks, and are any items exempt from these laws?

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Legal framework Score: NS / 100
This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. Public procurement in Ghana is regulated by the Public Procurement Act (2003) (1). The…
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Corruption risks Score: 50 / 100
The Public Procurement Act recognises the risks of corruption. Section 93 of the Act states that “entities and participants in a procurement process shall,…
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Effectiveness Score: 50 / 100
The Public Procurement Authority is the institution mandated with ensuring efficiency and transparency in public procurement, including in the GAF (1). However, the exception…
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Q58 NEI/100

Is the defence procurement cycle process, from assessment of needs, through contract implementation and sign-off, all the way to asset disposal, disclosed to the public?

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Formal procedures Score: 100 / 100
The entire defence procurement cycle is formalised and involves several committees at various levels within the MOD and the GAF. The procedures were harmonized…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
Contrary to other Ghanaian public institutions, the MOD procurement cycle is not disclosed to the public. For instance, the Ministry of Health publishes its…
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Implementation Score: NEI / 100
This indicator has not been assigned a score due to insufficient information or evidence.
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Q59 17/100

Are defence procurement oversight mechanisms in place and are these oversight mechanisms active and transparent?

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Independence Score: 50 / 100
Oversight on procurement is performed by the Parliamentary Selected Committee on Defence and Interior, the Public Account Committee, the Audit and Tender Committees in…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
The Parliamentary committees are considered ineffective and lack resources and staff (1). Similar concerns have also been raised with regards to the Audit Service…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
The Tender and Audit Committee within the MOD and GAF is entirely non-transparent about its activities, in so far as no information on their…
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Q60 13/100

Are potential defence purchases made public?

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Policies Score: 25 / 100
According to Section 21 of the Public Procurement Act, the MOD shall submit its procurement plan to its tender committee no later than one…
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Notice of planned purchases Score: 0 / 100
There is no information made publicly available by the MOD or the GAF on planned purchases (1), (2), (3).
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Q61 50/100

Are actual defence purchases made public?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 50 / 100
Actual defence purchases should be made publicly available on the Public Procurement Authority website, which as a dedicated page for the MOD (1). In…
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Accessible data Score: 50 / 100
Data on hardware like tanks, artillery and related ammunition are never released in an accessible format. Data on actual defence purchases is seldom released…
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Capability Gap and Requirements Definition

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Q62 25/100

What procedures and standards are companies required to have – such as compliance programmes and business conduct programmes – in order to be able to bid for work for the Ministry of Defence or armed forces?

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Formal policies Score: 25 / 100
The Public Procurement Act details how the government discriminates in its selection of suppliers based on their integrity. In particular, section 22 states that…
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Consistent implementation Score: 25 / 100
There is evidence that these policies and laws are sometimes implemented concerning non-hardware items, but they are not implemented for purchases of hardware. GAF…
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Q63 17/100

Are procurement requirements derived from a national defence and security strategy, and are procurement decisions well-audited? Are defence purchases based on clearly identified and quantified requirements?

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Procurement requirements Score: 0 / 100
The source of procurement requirements is not clear as the country does not have a national defence and security strategy. The MOD’s budget outlines…
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Scrutiny Score: 50 / 100
Scrutiny of actual purchases is undertaken by different institutions that have oversight power over the MOD and the GAF, the Parliamentary Selected Committee on…
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Purchases Score: 0 / 100
It is unclear how purchases are identified and quantified as the country does not have a national defence strategy. There are opportunistic and unplanned…
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Tender Solicitation, Assessment and Contract Award

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Q64 0/100

Is defence procurement generally conducted as open competition or is there a significant element of single-sourcing (that is, without competition)?

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Open competition Score: 0 / 100
Most of the details on procurement of hardware are restricted (1), (2), (3). The sole-sourcing practice of the GAF encourages an unhealthy tendency towards…
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Scrutiny of single/restricted competition procedures Score: 0 / 100
The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of Parliament has in recent years assumed a more robust posture in scrutinising accounts of Ministries Departments and Agencies…
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Q65 25/100

Are tender boards subject to regulations and codes of conduct and are their decisions subject to independent audit to ensure due process and fairness?

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Conflicts of interest Score: 25 / 100
The Public Procurement Act (2003), does account and provide checks for the conduct of officials. Although not explicitly linked to the GAF, this is…
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Audit Trail Score: 25 / 100
It’s very difficult for oversight agencies to access a comprehensive audit trail, particularly regarding hardware (1), (2).
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
There is hardly any transparency at least from the perspectives of CSOs and most parliamentarians, particularly from opposition members, and the Parliamentary Select Committee…
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Scrutiny Score: 50 / 100
There is some verification by oversight agencies that the particular specifications of the tender are appropriate, but it is not comprehensive (1), (2). This…
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Q66 38/100

Does the country have legislation in place to discourage and punish collusion between bidders for defence and security contracts?

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Legal framework Score: 25 / 100
The Public Procurement Act and related procurement legislation do provide a broad framework (Article 284 of the 1992 Constitution, the PPA Act (2003), the…
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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
Ghana has a piece of legislation, the PPA (2003) on procurement that specifically spells out guidelines for procurement-related corruption (1), (2). Companies can be…
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Enforcement Score: 25 / 100
The PPA’s provision for enforcement does not seem to be used concerning the GAF. There is no public record in recent years, made available…
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Training Score: 0 / 100
There is no evidence that training is provided to procurement officials with regards to collusion (1), (2).
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Contract Delivery and In-Service Support

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Q67 31/100

Are there mechanisms and procedures that ensure that contractors meet their obligations on reporting and delivery?

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Reporting policies & procedures Score: 50 / 100
Generally, there are fairly strict policies and regulations; but the greatest challenge lies in the lack of strict enforcement (1), (2). The PPA does…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
Particularly from the perspective of the media and CSOs, information on hardware contracts is rarely released, particularly on contract failures and modifications post-award. In…
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Monitoring Score: 50 / 100
Officials regularly produce contract monitoring and completion reports, and these include supplier and subcontractors performance appraisals. However, if these contracts are to supply hardware…
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Enforcement Score: 25 / 100
Few breaches of contract are acted upon because of interference from a conflict of interest between some corrupt politicians, and some high ranking and…
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Q68 33/100

Are there mechanisms in place to allow companies to complain about perceived malpractice in procurement, and are companies protected from discrimination when they use these mechanisms?

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Complaints mechanisms Score: 100 / 100
Formal mechanisms are in place for companies that feel cheated to seek compensation (1), (2). There are formal dispute mechanisms set by the PPA,…
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Effectiveness and Accessibility Score: 0 / 100
The complaints mechanism looks easily accessible and effective. However, what is on paper obscures a very difficult path or avenue to pursue. Effectiveness of…
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Retaliation Score: 0 / 100
Companies believe that they will be unfairly targeted from future procurement and therefore they often resort to bribery to win contracts and if they…
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Q69 50/100

What sanctions are used to punish the corrupt activities of a supplier?

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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
There is clear legislation and implementation guidelines empowering procurement officials to exclude companies who committed inappropriate procurement practices (1), (2).
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Undue influence Score: 50 / 100
Cases are investigated, but not often prosecuted. There is undue influence in the decision-making process (1), (2).
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Application of sanctions Score: 0 / 100
Sanctions are not officially applied. The PPA has not listed a single supplier as blacklisted on its website. Rather, sanctions may take unofficial, politically-related…
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Offset Contracts

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Q70 0/100

When negotiating offset contracts, does the government specifically address corruption risk by imposing anti-corruption due diligence on contractors and third parties?

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Legal framework Score: 0 / 100
Ghana does not have an offset contract policy or regulations governing offset contracts. There is no evidence of recent offset contract negotiations, but in…
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Due diligence Score: 0 / 100
In the absence of a formal policy or regulations on offset contracts, this indicator is scored as zero.
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Q71 0/100

How does the government monitor offset contracts?

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Policies & procedures Score: 0 / 100
In the absence of a formal policy or regulations on offset contracts, this indicator is scored as zero.
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
In the absence of a formal policy or regulations on offset contracts, this indicator is scored as zero.
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Monitoring Score: 0 / 100
In the absence of a formal policy or regulations on offset contracts, this indicator is scored as zero.
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Enforcement Score: 0 / 100
In the absence of a formal policy or regulations on offset contracts, this indicator is scored as zero.
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Q72 0/100

What level of competition are offset contracts subject to?

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Score: 0 / 100
In the absence of a formal policy or regulations on offset contracts, this indicator is scored as zero.
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Agents / Brokers

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Q73 0/100

How strongly does the government control the company’s use of agents and intermediaries in the procurement cycle?

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Policies Score: 0 / 100
The government does not have a publicly published policy that directly deals with the use of agents and intermediaries in the procurement cycle, although…
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
Because the government does not have a relevant policy on the use of agents and intermediaries in the procurement cycle, this indicator is marked…
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Financing Package

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Q74 0/100

Are the principal aspects of the financing package surrounding major arms deals, (such as payment timelines, interest rates, commercial loans or export credit agreements) made publicly available prior to the signing of contracts?

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Score: 0 / 100
Details of financial packages that include vital issues like payment timelines, interest rates, and so on are not made public (1), (2). Mid-term expenditure…
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Seller Influence

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Q75 NS/100

How common is it for defence acquisition decisions to be based on political influence by selling nations?

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Prevalence: selling nations Score: NS / 100
This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. Given the huge amount of money involved in defence acquisition, selling nations wield tremendous…
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Justification Score: NS / 100
This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. When governments make public pronouncements on defence expenditures, they have always stated that it…
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Prevalence: domestic pressures Score: NS / 100
This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. Some acquisitions are granted as a result of domestic political pressures, but this is…
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