Personnel Risk:
Moderate
Score:
62/100
Leadership Behaviour
Q34
58/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
View Question
There is a commitment to anti-corruption and integrity measures by the Ministry of Defence. During interviews and speeches, officials sometimes declare themselves willing to…
Explore
Commitment is publicly stated, though perhaps not strongly. Chiefs and ministers may publicly speak about values or codes of conduct, but fail to mention…
Explore
This commitment is reflected in service publications, through regular statements by senior ministry staff and senior armed forces officers about values and conduct. However,…
Explore
Q35
63/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
View Question
Bribery and corruption are not defined offences in the Greek Military Penal Code [1]. However, Article 8 of Law 3978/2011 on Public Procurement of…
Explore
Instances of bribery or corruption are superficially investigated and rarely disciplined, especially regarding military personnel. The Armed Forces, like other organisations, tend to protect…
Explore
Q36
17/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
View Question
Legislation on whistleblowing and reporting corruption exists but is weak and is not clearly applicable to military personnel, who have a parallel duty of…
Explore
Whistleblowing is not encouraged by the Government. Consequently, there is no training or information campaigns for military personnel and there is no internal unit…
Explore
There is little trust among officials and personnel that they would be provided with adequate protection if they reported corrupt activity. Consequently, Greece lacks…
Explore
Q37
0/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
View Question
There is no recognition that certain positions may be more open to corruption opportunities than others [1].
Explore
This indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’ as the MoD does not practically distinguish such positions from other positions in the Armed Forces.
Explore
This indicator is scored Not Applicable. The MoD has set up specific criteria for appointments (e.g., years of experience, academic and non-academic qualifications), but…
Explore
Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
67/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
View Question
The disaggregated number of civilian and military personnel is not publicly known but it is officially collected [1, 2]. This is perceived as a…
Explore
Information on the number of civilian and military personnel is updated on monthly basis with about two-month delay. The register contains numbers on permanent…
Explore
The military has not been presented with the problem of ghost soldiers in the last five years [1, 2].
Explore
Q39
75/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
View Question
Pay rates for all civilian and military personnel are published in service publications, disaggregated by rank. Summarised information is made available to military and…
Explore
Allowances for all civilian and military personnel are openly published, but without the criteria for eligibility and calculation methods [1, 2]. Such information is…
Explore
Q40
92/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
View Question
Personnel are paid on time, despite the financial crisis [1, 2]. There have been no delays.
Explore
Personnel receive the correct pay through an automated payment system [1] [2].
Explore
Military personnel pay rates disaggregated by ranks and allowances have been openly published in part F of Law 4472/2017. The act contains also general…
Explore
Q41
42/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
View Question
The system for appointment of military personnel at middle and top management applies objective job descriptions and standardised assessment processes, though there is little…
Explore
There is no external or internal scrutiny of the appointments of military personnel at middle and top management since the relevant law does not…
Explore
Information on the appointment process is only partially available on websites or to the public and/or may be incomplete with regards to selection criteria…
Explore
Q42
63/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
View Question
Law 2439/1996 states that the leadership of the Armed Forces is selected by KYSEA: the Government Council for Foreign Affairs and Defence (Article 15).…
Explore
The MoD permits other means of awarding rank, but there are regulations that limit the possible circumstances and place requirements on further progression. Article…
Explore
Promotions for all personnel are publicly available (Presidential Decrees are issued and publicised).[3]. As concerns postings, most of the relevant information is only available…
Explore
Details of postings and promotions are published regularly (at least annually) within the system and in advance of their effective date [1, 2].
Explore
Conscription and Recruitment
Q43
100/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
View Question
Bribery offences in Greek Penal Code cover offering, giving, receiving, requesting and promising of any item of value to influence the actions of an…
Explore
Possible sanctions include criminal prosecution/incarceration, dismissal and considerable financial penalties for military and civilian personnel [1]. These sactions are for bribery in general and…
Explore
Appropriate sanctions and punishments are applied when bribery occurs, however there have been no recent cases [1]. In 2007, the Greek newspaper To Vima…
Explore
Q44
100/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
View Question
Bribery and corruption are defined as offences by law [1]. Article 235 states that “An official who requests or receives, directly or through a…
Explore
Sanctions for soliciting preferred postings include criminal prosecution and dismissal [1, 2], but there are no maximum penalties for imprisonment and fines. Moreover, there…
Explore
Appropriate sanctions are regularly applied when bribery occurs [1]. Junior officers are not allowed to offer gifts to senior officers according to Article of…
Explore
Salary Chain
Chains of command are strictly separated from chains of payment. There are no known examples of exceptions to this [1, 2]. The MOD’s Financial…
Explore
Values and Standards
Q46
81/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
View Question
There is a code of conduct, however its content is not comprehensive. For example, it addresses corruption issues but is too vague. Article 25…
Explore
The code of conduct is effectively distributed to all military personnel. All cadets are obliged to study the code of conduct which is distributed…
Explore
Breaches of the code of conduct are regularly investigated, even if the oversight mechanism is confidential. Cases are pursued where there is evidence of criminal…
Explore
Guidance on the code of conduct is included in induction training for all military personnel at an early stage [1, 2] Consequently, young officers…
Explore
Q47
56/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
View Question
There is a code of conduct, however its content are not comprehensive. Article 107 of the code states that “the acquisition of financial benefit…
Explore
The code of conduct is distributed to civilian personnel but only on an ad hoc basis [1]. The code of conduct is available to…
Explore
Breaches of the code of conduct are regularly investigated, even if the oversight mechanism is confidential [1, 2]. However, cases may not always be pursued…
Explore
Guidance on the code of conduct is available to all civilian personnel but is not part of induction training [1, 2]. Civilian personnel can…
Explore
Q48
17/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
View Question
Anti-corruption training is superficial in nature and does not address more than values or standards [1]. It has been provided occasionally by NGOs such…
Explore
Anti-corruption training is done completely ad hoc, and may only be provided by external parties, such as NGOs [1, 2].
Explore
Relevant training programmes take place in Public Training Institute (INEP), on volunteer involvement. [1]
Explore
Q49
25/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
View Question
The defence institution does not have a policy according to which outcomes of prosecution are made publicly available [1, 2].
Explore
No information on prosecutions of military personnel is publicly available [1].
Explore
Cases are investigated or prosecuted through formal processes, but there may be cases where undue political influence is attempted [1]. In 2014, for example,…
Explore
Q50
100/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
View Question
Facilitation payments are strictly and clearly illegal. According to Article 8, “it is prohibited for military and civilian personnel of the Ministry of National…
Explore
Cases have been investigated or prosecuted through formal processes. Independent commentators have expressed little substantive concern over undue political influence [1].
Explore
Facilitation payments in the defence and security sector are very rare [1, 2].
Explore