Political Risk:
Very High
Score:
28/100
1
0/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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There is currently no elected parliament in Mali. However, the National Transitional Council, a body whose members are appointed, functions in the role previously…
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In practice, these powers conferred on them by law are not sufficiently exercised. The defence committee can examine the defense budget but only when…
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Both the defence institutions and the executive branch regularly undermine control of defence policy. While this has been the case with the National Transitional…
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2
45/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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The Commission, exercising its prerogatives, can question experts on certain issues to gain understanding and clarification. It has the right of inspection through its…
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The National Transition Council consists of officers from the defence and security forces, along with civilians who have worked on security issues. Most members…
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The CNT Defence Committee plays a role in budget development, management, and overseeing expenditure and activities. The work of the committee is reported to…
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The defence, security and civil protection commission of the national transitional council, either in theory or according to the constitution and the internal regulations…
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The law authorises parliament the possibility to conduct long-term investigations into ongoing activities, including operations.[1][2] However, in practice, there is no evidence that some…
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There is not enough information to score this indicator. Sometimes draft laws are subject to amendments by members of the CNT.[1][2][3] These amendments may…
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3
38/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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Outside the formal consultation process, there have been several occasions when, with its own funding or funding from partners, the Security Sector Reform Commission…
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Questions related to national security policies or security strategy are generally only discussed after their adoption by the legislative body. Indeed, during the development…
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Some issues related to defence and security were debated within the framework of the national foundations of the refoundation during the inter-Malian dialogue in…
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Defence policy documents are generally accessible.[1] Although the national security strategy document has not yet been adopted, validation workshops have been organised with members…
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4
58/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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There is no official policy requiring collaboration between defence and security institutions and CSOs. However, the National Security Sector Reform Strategy and its 2022-2024…
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The constitutions of 1992 and 2023, the transition charter, and various laws and policies guarantee the functioning of CSOs while regulating the nature of…
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As part of the implementation of the security sector reform [1][2] and the national strategy for security sector reform along with its action plan,[3]…
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5
63/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Mali ratified the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in April 2008.[1] It should be noted that the country is neither a producer nor…
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The country has minor compliance defects with the anti-corruption conventions on corruption that it has ratified. These defects are related to how policies based…
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6
38/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Previously, CSOs, the media, academics, and activists regularly led and guided debates on issues related to defence arising from current events and their centres…
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The government engages in discussions with the public at different levels, although not regularly. Over the past two years, it has involved all ministers,…
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7
25/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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In December 2023, the government adopted the national anti-corruption strategy (Strategie Nationale de Lutte contre la Corruption or SNLCC), accompanied by an action plan…
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There is no specific action plan for the defence sector regarding to the fight against corruption, nor has any initiative been launched to develop…
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8
0/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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There is no evidence of such units existing or of any efforts to establish them.[1] However, the General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces and…
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There is no such unit within the institutional structure of the defence and security sector. It is the inspectorates that handle these matters, along…
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There is no such unit within the institutional structure of the defence and security sector. It is the inspectorates that handle these matters, along…
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9
NS/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. From the 2024 edition of the Malimeter, an annual opinion poll conducted by the…
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10
0/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
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There is no record of any specific corruption risk assessment that has been commissioned or conducted in the past 2-3 years. Worse, the environment…
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No risk assessment is carried out, this sub-indicator is marked as not applicable.[1][2]
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No risk assessment is carried out, this sub-indicator is marked as not applicable.[1][2]
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11
8/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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It appears that the Ministry of Defence plans its needs, which includes planning acquisitions. However, the planning process is neither inclusive nor accessible. These…
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Despite having a comprehensive legal framework,[1] there is a lack of transparency in the acquisition planning process since it is not made public,[2][3] and…
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Despite having a comprehensive legal framework,[1] there is a lack of transparency in the acquisition planning process since it is not made public,[2][3] and…
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12
50/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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13
63/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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There is a defence commission within the National Transition Council which has among its prerogatives, according to the constitution and internal regulations of the…
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In practice, due to the composition of the CNT’s defence, security, and civil protection commission (composed mainly of military, gendarmerie, and police officers), it…
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14
17/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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The finance law allows us to know estimate the share of the budget allocated to the defence and security sector, as well as provide…
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As mentioned, the budget is broken down into different categories: the general administration of the army (personnel, goods ansd services, investments, acquisitions), military operations,…
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Overall information on the expenditure budget is provided to citizens, the media, and civil society; but it remains extremely difficult for the components mentioned…
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15
42/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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There is a comprehensive record of all revenue sources, the amounts collected, and the allocation of these revenues may lack readability.[1] The main source…
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Control structures such as the accounts section of the Supreme Court, the general control of public services, the general inspection, the office of the…
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Public control of non-governmental sources of financing for the defence and security sector proves to be difficult because this type of financing is not…
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16
0/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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Control and audit structures very rarely intervene to control and/or audit the expenditure of the Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs. The Inspectorate General…
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There is no evidence of an internal audit of defence ministry expenditure, this sub-indicator should be marked Not as Applicable.[1][2]
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There are no traces of external control of the internal audit function concerning the expenditure of the Ministry of Defence. There is also no…
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There is no internal audit of the defence ministry’s expenditure, and no internal audit report of the Ministry of Defence’s spending has been made…
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17
6/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
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Two institutions are responsible for external auditing of defence expenditure: the Accounts Section of the Supreme Court (Section des comptes de la Cour Suprême…
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Based on articles 16, 23 and 31 of Law 2021-069 on the office of the Auditor General (Bureau Du verificateur General or BVG), the…
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There is almost never an external audit of the defence and security sectors and when this is the case the reports are neither intended…
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There is almost never an external audit of the defence and security sectors, and when such audits do occur, the reports are neither intended…
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18
92/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
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The law prohibits defence institutions from holding controlling or financial interests in commercial activities that exploit the country’s natural resources.[1][2] Furthermore, the constitution confines…
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There is no proven case of involvement by defence institutions in commercial activities related to the exploitation of natural resources; the State participation in…
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There might be some isolated cases of individuals being involved, but the activity is totaly illicit. It emerges from the general status of the…
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There is no evidence that such interests exist so this indicator is marked Not Applicable. It emerges from the general status of the military…
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There is no evidence that such interests exist so this indicator is marked Not Applicable. It emerges from the general status of the military…
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19
0/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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There is a high probability of organised crime penetrating the area, and this has been confirmed to be the case. Indeed, accusations of involvement…
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The government is likely aware of and even possibly accommodates criminal penetration into the defence and security sector for various reasons. Depending on the…
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20
0/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
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In Mali, there is no public evidence of the existence of an officially designated unit within the national police specifically responsible for combating organised…
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Since no evidence of an effective policing function being exercised over the defence services to investigate corruption or organised crime has been found, this…
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There are some cases of corruption being investigated in the defence sector, but no mention of a spefic policy function that investigate the defence…
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21
0/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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The Defence Committee is not able to supervise the activities, operations and functioning of the National State Security Agency (ANSE) – the country’s main…
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There is no independent oversight of the intelligence service’s policies, administration and budgets in Mali, so this indicator is marked Not Applicable. Indeed, in…
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22
0/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
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The selection criteria for high-level posts in the intelligence services are at the discretion of the President of the Republic (President of the Transition).…
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According to the founding decree, in particular article 9, the National State Security Agency is placed under the direct authority of the President of…
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The appointment and promotion processes for intelligence officials are unclear and constitute another potential catalyst for illicit processes. Such appointments appear to have been…
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23
100/100
Does the government have a well-scrutinised process for arms export decisions that aligns with Articles 7.1.iv, 11.5, and 15.6 of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)?
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Mali voted for the adoption of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), signed on 3 June 2013, and ratified it on 63 December 2013.[1] The…
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Mali has recently strengthened its legal framework in the fight against illicit manufacturing and trafficking of firearms [1]. In addition to the 2004 law,[2]…
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Mali is not an arms exporter, so this sub-indicator is scored Not Applicable.[1] [2]
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The country does not have a framework for regulating lobbying activities,.or it does have a framework for regulating pressure groups, but the defence sector…
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This legal framework does not exist for Mali, there is no text available in this sense, neither at the level of the general secretariat…
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This legal framework does not exist for Mali, there is no text available in this sense, neither at the level of the general secretariat…
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This legal framework does not exist for Mali, there is no text available in this sense, neither at the level of the general secretariat…
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Defence and Security Policy and Policy Transparency
Q1
NA/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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Q2
NA/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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Q3
NA/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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Q4
NA/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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Q5
NA/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Q6
NA/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Q7
NA/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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Q8
NA/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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Q9
NA/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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Q10
NA/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
View QuestionDefence Budgets
Q11
NA/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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Q12
NA/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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Q13
NA/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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Q14
NA/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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Q15
NA/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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Q16
NA/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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Q17
NA/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
View QuestionNexus of Defence and National Assets
Q18
NA/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
View QuestionOrganised Crime
Q19
NA/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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Q20
NA/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
View QuestionControl of Intelligence Services
Q21
NA/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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Q22
NA/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
View QuestionExport Controls
Q23
NA/100