Political Risk:

Critical

Score:

15/100

Defence and Security Policy and Policy Transparency

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Q1 25/100

Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?

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Formal rights Score: 50 / 100
The 2010 Constitution establishes in Article 162 that Parliament exercises control and oversight over the state accounts. It has the exclusive power to legislate…
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Effectiveness Score: 25 / 100
Formal parliamentary oversight and controlling functions were formally restricted by a 2013 constitutional court ruling (see above) (1). Parliamentary debates on the defence sector…
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Independent legislature scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
Parliamentary decisions regarding defence and security affairs derive from initiatives conveyed by the president, government and the ruling party majority in the parliament. President…
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Q2 13/100

Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?

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Formal rights Score: 25 / 100
The “2nd Parliamentary Commission on Defence, Security and Veterans” is a specialized parliamentary working group with a consultative role. According to the most recent…
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Expertise Score: 50 / 100
At least six members of the current 2nd Commission appointed in November 2017 have expertise in military matters. The number of its members is…
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Responsive policymaking Score: 0 / 100
Most recently, the 2nd Commission was involved in reviewing the package of bills on the armed forces that were passed in July of 2018…
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Short-term oversight Score: 0 / 100
The 2nd Parliamentary Commission is a working group with only a consultative role with no effective power to exert oversight (1), (2).
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Long-term oversight Score: 0 / 100
The 2nd Parliamentary Commission has a merely consultative role and is dominated by the ruling party. It lacks the power to conduct investigations or…
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Institutional outcomes Score: 0 / 100
There is no evidence that the 2nd Commission issues broader recommendations and no information on whether and to what extent recommendations are incorporated (1),…
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Q3 8/100

Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?

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Scope of involvement Score: 0 / 100
Plenary discussions in Parliament on defence policy are limited and selective they mainly focus on state budget issues. Review of legislation and cooperation accords…
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Scope of debate Score: NA / 100
Because there is no public debate over national defence policy, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable. Discussions in the parliament occasionally focus on…
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Public consultations Score: 0 / 100
There is no record of a formal public consultation process regarding defence and security matters in the last five years. Generally, there is little…
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Transparency Score: 25 / 100
Official information and documents on the defence policy or security strategy are available to the public only in part or abbreviated form. Neither the…
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Q4 17/100

Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?

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Policy of openness Score: 0 / 100
No formal or informal policy requires openness towards CSOs in the defence sector.
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CSO protections Score: 25 / 100
CSOs can operate within the country, but a restrictive legal framework is in place that establishes burdensome and ambiguous registration requirements. In 2015, openly…
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Practice of openness Score: 25 / 100
CSO activity appears to be minimal in the defence and security sector. As a notable exception, in the past (2000-2006) there was a cooperation…
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Q5 50/100

Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?

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Signatory and Ratification status Score: 100 / 100
Angola signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) on December 10th, 2003. It subsequently ratified it on the 29th, of August 2006 (1),…
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Compliance Score: 0 / 100
According to the UNCAC implementation review report of June 2017 (review cycle 1), Angolan authorities have, for the most part, successfully complied with the…
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Q6 13/100

Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?

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Public debate Score: 0 / 100
There is extremely limited public debate outside the government and ruling party-driven initiatives about defence issues. The partisan nature of such debates makes in-depth…
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Government engagement in public discourse Score: 25 / 100
Senior government and military officials do occasionally speak publicly about the national defence strategy, mostly in the form of one-way communication, i.e.statements (1).
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Q7 0/100

Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?

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Anti-corruption policy Score: 0 / 100
Currently, no specific defence-sector anti-corruption policy exists. The 1994 Law on Military Crimes establishes that corruption-related offences are punishable under civilian law. The Angolan…
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Effective implementation Score: NA / 100
There is no action plan to implement a defence-specific anti-corruption policy since no such explicit policy exists. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not…
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Q8 0/100

Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?

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Mandate and resources Score: 0 / 100
There is no institution in place specifically tasked with compliance and ethics throughout the defence sector, and so far, there is no evidence of…
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Independence Score: NA / 100
There is no institution in place tasked with compliance and ethics within the defence sector (1), (2), (3). Thus, this indicator has been marked…
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Effectiveness Score: NA / 100
There is no institution in place tasked with compliance and ethics within the defence sector (1), (2), (3). Thus, this indicator has been marked…
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Q9 NS/100

Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?

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Score: NS / 100
This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. No specific polls on public trust in defence and security institutions are available. According…
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Q10 0/100

Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?

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Risk assessments Score: 0 / 100
No evidence could be found that defence-specific assessments of corruption risk have been commissioned or conducted in the last few years. According to an…
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Regularity Score: NA / 100
No evidence could be found that defence-specific assessments of corruption risk have been commissioned or conducted in the last few years. Thus, this indicator…
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Inputs to anti-corruption policy Score: NA / 100
No evidence could be found that defence-specific assessments of corruption risk have been commissioned or conducted in the last few years. Thus, this indicator…
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Defence Budgets

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Q11 8/100

Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?

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Acquisition planning process Score: 25 / 100
There is an internal acquisition planning process at the ministerial level, though it is not transparent and accessible to the public. The public company…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
The 2016 Public Procurement Law establishes that arms and military logistics procurement is classified as secret (Art. 7, 1, b) (1). The acquisition planning…
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External oversight Score: 0 / 100
Oversight of the defence acquisition planning at the ministerial level is not transparent. Oversight by the Audit Court is limited to formal compliance with…
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Q12 50/100

Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 50 / 100
The full executive budget proposal is usually first circulated in paper format and at later published on the Finance Ministry’s website in the form…
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Timeliness Score: 50 / 100
According to the 2010 State Budget Framework Law (Art. 24) (1), the draft state budget document must be submitted to Parliament before the 31st,…
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Q13 13/100

Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?

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Formal rights Score: 25 / 100
The 2nd Parliamentary Commission on Defence, security and veterans, under the regulations in force, has a formal mandate to conduct scrutiny on the “main…
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Influence on decision-making Score: 0 / 100
The 2nd Parliamentary Commission is an advisory working group that is dominated by the ruling party and lacks independence and power to conduct effective…
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Q14 33/100

Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?

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Proactive publication Score: 50 / 100
The approved state budget that includes the defence budget and supporting documents are published on the Ministry of Finance’s website, in a summarized and…
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Comprehensiveness Score: 25 / 100
The Finance Ministry publishes the draft and final state budget. Though not comprehensive, the documents provide information in an aggregated form on different types…
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Response to information requests Score: 25 / 100
Information requests by opposition parties during the parliamentary budget process on defence and security sector expenses have rarely been met with timely answers if…
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Q15 0/100

Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?

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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
Non-central government sources of revenue for the defence sector are not included in the published state budget documents. However, revenue streams are made available…
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Institutional scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
No evidence of such scrutiny or report is made by the inspector general of national defence, nor any other institutional media (1), and the…
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Public scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
No evidence found on media report on equipment sales or property disposal in Angola’s defense sector. There was media scrutiny on the sale of…
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Q16 0/100

Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?

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Activity Score: 0 / 100
There is no evidence of any internal audits having ever been carried out in Angola’s defence sector. According to the 2010 State Budget Framework…
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Enabling oversight Score: NA / 100
There is no evidence of any internal audits having ever been carried out in Angola’s defence sector. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not…
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External scrutiny Score: NA / 100
There is no evidence of any internal audits having ever been carried out in Angola’s defence sector. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not…
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Institutional outcomes Score: NA / 100
There is no public record of audits having been carried out in the defence sector as such nothing can be ascertained about whether findings…
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Q17 0/100

Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?

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Activity Score: 0 / 100
The Audit Court has the legal mandate to review public procurement contracts and their execution, to review the state accounts, conduct audits and publish…
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Independence Score: 0 / 100
The audit court is not independent. The president appoints all (currently) nine audit court justices including its president (2010 Constitution, Art. 119) [2], the…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
The law establishing the audit court’s mandate is available online (1). But there is no evidence online where the court’s audit reports on defence…
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Institutional outcomes Score: 0 / 100
There is a clear power asymmetry between the MoD and the SAI, leading to insufficient addressing by the MoD. As stated in some opinions,…
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Nexus of Defence and National Assets

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Q18 15/100

Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?

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Legal framework Score: 25 / 100
There do not appear to be formal restrictions for defence institutions to engage in or benefit from private businesses. The Public Probity Law prohibits…
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Defence institutions: Financial or controlling interests in practice Score: 25 / 100
There is little evidence of direct involvement of defence institutions in natural resource exploration; however, that does not mean it does not exist. A…
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Individual defence personnel: Financial or controlling interests in practice Score: 0 / 100
The involvement of individual senior officials from the Angolan military and the presidency in businesses relating to the country’s oil exploration has been well…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
Private business interests of senior officials are rarely publicly declared and commonly concealed using little known employees or family members who appear in the…
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Scrutiny Score: 25 / 100
Private business interests of senior military officials have been subject to public scrutiny mainly by Angolan investigative journalists, though until recently without a response…
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Organised Crime

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Q19 38/100

Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?

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Penetration of organised crime Score: 25 / 100
There is an absence of effective scrutiny and poor enforcement of anti-corruption laws in the defence and security sector. There is a long-term pattern…
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Government response Score: 50 / 100
The 2014 Anti-Money-Laundering Law (1) includes among others provisions on arms trafficking, as well as human trafficking and the trafficking of migrants, though the…
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Q20 33/100

Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?

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Existence of policing function Score: 50 / 100
The Criminal Investigation Police (SIC), under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior, has an organized crime department. In March, a new directorate to…
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Independence Score: 0 / 100
Neither the Criminal Investigation Police (SIC) nor the General Inspectorate of the State Administration (IGAE), or the inspector general of national defence are independent…
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Effectiveness Score: 50 / 100
In 2018, under President Lourenço, investigations and prosecutions of senior public servants on corruption charges reached an unprecedented level. Previously, successive amnesty laws undermined…
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Control of Intelligence Services

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Q21 0/100

Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?

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Independence Score: 0 / 100
Based on the 2010 Constitution that further centralized power, the three branches of the intelligence services were formally integrated into the office of the…
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Effectiveness Score: NA / 100
There is no independent oversight of the intelligence service. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable. Based on the 2010 Constitution that further…
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Q22 0/100

Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?

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Objective selection criteria Score: 0 / 100
According to Art. 122 of the 2010 Constitution, the president, as the commander-in-chief, has the power to appoint and dismiss senior officials of the…
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Selection bias Score: 0 / 100
Given the broad constitutional powers of the president to appoint and dismiss senior officials of the intelligence services and the absence of a formal…
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Vetting process Score: 0 / 100
The appointment and dismissal of members of state intelligence and security bodies are made in consultation with the National Security Council, but there is…
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Export Controls

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Q23 38/100

Does the government have a well-scrutinised process for arms export decisions that aligns with Articles 7.1.iv, 11.5, and 15.6 of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)?

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Signatory and Ratification Score: 50 / 100
Angola signed the ATT on September 24th, 2013, it is not yet ratified (1). Angola is mainly an arms importer.
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Compliance Score: NA / 100
Because Angola has not yet ratified the ATT, this indicator is marked as Not Applicable.
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Parliamentary scrutiny Score: 25 / 100
Although there are no upcoming arms exports, they may be subject to parliamentary debate; however, Parliament has a limited ability to influence decision-making in…
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Lobbying in Defence

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Q76 0/100

Does the country regulate lobbying of defence institutions?

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Legal framework Score: 0 / 100
There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity.
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Disclosure: Public officials Score: NA / 100
There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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Lobbyist registration system Score: NA / 100
There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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Oversight & enforcement Score: NA / 100
There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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