Political Risk:
Critical
Score:
15/100
Defence and Security Policy and Policy Transparency
Q1
25/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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The 2010 Constitution establishes in Article 162 that Parliament exercises control and oversight over the state accounts. It has the exclusive power to legislate…
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Formal parliamentary oversight and controlling functions were formally restricted by a 2013 constitutional court ruling (see above) (1). Parliamentary debates on the defence sector…
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Parliamentary decisions regarding defence and security affairs derive from initiatives conveyed by the president, government and the ruling party majority in the parliament. President…
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Q2
13/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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The “2nd Parliamentary Commission on Defence, Security and Veterans” is a specialized parliamentary working group with a consultative role. According to the most recent…
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At least six members of the current 2nd Commission appointed in November 2017 have expertise in military matters. The number of its members is…
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Most recently, the 2nd Commission was involved in reviewing the package of bills on the armed forces that were passed in July of 2018…
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The 2nd Parliamentary Commission is a working group with only a consultative role with no effective power to exert oversight (1), (2).
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The 2nd Parliamentary Commission has a merely consultative role and is dominated by the ruling party. It lacks the power to conduct investigations or…
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There is no evidence that the 2nd Commission issues broader recommendations and no information on whether and to what extent recommendations are incorporated (1),…
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Q3
8/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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Plenary discussions in Parliament on defence policy are limited and selective they mainly focus on state budget issues. Review of legislation and cooperation accords…
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Because there is no public debate over national defence policy, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable. Discussions in the parliament occasionally focus on…
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There is no record of a formal public consultation process regarding defence and security matters in the last five years. Generally, there is little…
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Official information and documents on the defence policy or security strategy are available to the public only in part or abbreviated form. Neither the…
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Q4
17/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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No formal or informal policy requires openness towards CSOs in the defence sector.
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CSOs can operate within the country, but a restrictive legal framework is in place that establishes burdensome and ambiguous registration requirements. In 2015, openly…
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CSO activity appears to be minimal in the defence and security sector. As a notable exception, in the past (2000-2006) there was a cooperation…
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Q5
50/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Angola signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) on December 10th, 2003. It subsequently ratified it on the 29th, of August 2006 (1),…
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According to the UNCAC implementation review report of June 2017 (review cycle 1), Angolan authorities have, for the most part, successfully complied with the…
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Q6
13/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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There is extremely limited public debate outside the government and ruling party-driven initiatives about defence issues. The partisan nature of such debates makes in-depth…
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Senior government and military officials do occasionally speak publicly about the national defence strategy, mostly in the form of one-way communication, i.e.statements (1).
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Q7
0/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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Currently, no specific defence-sector anti-corruption policy exists. The 1994 Law on Military Crimes establishes that corruption-related offences are punishable under civilian law. The Angolan…
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There is no action plan to implement a defence-specific anti-corruption policy since no such explicit policy exists. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not…
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Q8
0/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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There is no institution in place specifically tasked with compliance and ethics throughout the defence sector, and so far, there is no evidence of…
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There is no institution in place tasked with compliance and ethics within the defence sector (1), (2), (3). Thus, this indicator has been marked…
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There is no institution in place tasked with compliance and ethics within the defence sector (1), (2), (3). Thus, this indicator has been marked…
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Q9
NS/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. No specific polls on public trust in defence and security institutions are available. According…
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Q10
0/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
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No evidence could be found that defence-specific assessments of corruption risk have been commissioned or conducted in the last few years. According to an…
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No evidence could be found that defence-specific assessments of corruption risk have been commissioned or conducted in the last few years. Thus, this indicator…
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No evidence could be found that defence-specific assessments of corruption risk have been commissioned or conducted in the last few years. Thus, this indicator…
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Defence Budgets
Q11
8/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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There is an internal acquisition planning process at the ministerial level, though it is not transparent and accessible to the public. The public company…
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The 2016 Public Procurement Law establishes that arms and military logistics procurement is classified as secret (Art. 7, 1, b) (1). The acquisition planning…
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Oversight of the defence acquisition planning at the ministerial level is not transparent. Oversight by the Audit Court is limited to formal compliance with…
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Q12
50/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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The full executive budget proposal is usually first circulated in paper format and at later published on the Finance Ministry’s website in the form…
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According to the 2010 State Budget Framework Law (Art. 24) (1), the draft state budget document must be submitted to Parliament before the 31st,…
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Q13
13/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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The 2nd Parliamentary Commission on Defence, security and veterans, under the regulations in force, has a formal mandate to conduct scrutiny on the “main…
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The 2nd Parliamentary Commission is an advisory working group that is dominated by the ruling party and lacks independence and power to conduct effective…
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Q14
33/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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The approved state budget that includes the defence budget and supporting documents are published on the Ministry of Finance’s website, in a summarized and…
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The Finance Ministry publishes the draft and final state budget. Though not comprehensive, the documents provide information in an aggregated form on different types…
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Information requests by opposition parties during the parliamentary budget process on defence and security sector expenses have rarely been met with timely answers if…
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Q15
0/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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Non-central government sources of revenue for the defence sector are not included in the published state budget documents. However, revenue streams are made available…
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No evidence of such scrutiny or report is made by the inspector general of national defence, nor any other institutional media (1), and the…
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No evidence found on media report on equipment sales or property disposal in Angola’s defense sector. There was media scrutiny on the sale of…
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Q16
0/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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There is no evidence of any internal audits having ever been carried out in Angola’s defence sector. According to the 2010 State Budget Framework…
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There is no evidence of any internal audits having ever been carried out in Angola’s defence sector. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not…
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There is no evidence of any internal audits having ever been carried out in Angola’s defence sector. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not…
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There is no public record of audits having been carried out in the defence sector as such nothing can be ascertained about whether findings…
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Q17
0/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
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The Audit Court has the legal mandate to review public procurement contracts and their execution, to review the state accounts, conduct audits and publish…
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The audit court is not independent. The president appoints all (currently) nine audit court justices including its president (2010 Constitution, Art. 119) [2], the…
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The law establishing the audit court’s mandate is available online (1). But there is no evidence online where the court’s audit reports on defence…
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There is a clear power asymmetry between the MoD and the SAI, leading to insufficient addressing by the MoD. As stated in some opinions,…
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Nexus of Defence and National Assets
Q18
15/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
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There do not appear to be formal restrictions for defence institutions to engage in or benefit from private businesses. The Public Probity Law prohibits…
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There is little evidence of direct involvement of defence institutions in natural resource exploration; however, that does not mean it does not exist. A…
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The involvement of individual senior officials from the Angolan military and the presidency in businesses relating to the country’s oil exploration has been well…
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Private business interests of senior officials are rarely publicly declared and commonly concealed using little known employees or family members who appear in the…
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Private business interests of senior military officials have been subject to public scrutiny mainly by Angolan investigative journalists, though until recently without a response…
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Organised Crime
Q19
38/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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There is an absence of effective scrutiny and poor enforcement of anti-corruption laws in the defence and security sector. There is a long-term pattern…
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The 2014 Anti-Money-Laundering Law (1) includes among others provisions on arms trafficking, as well as human trafficking and the trafficking of migrants, though the…
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Q20
33/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
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The Criminal Investigation Police (SIC), under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior, has an organized crime department. In March, a new directorate to…
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Neither the Criminal Investigation Police (SIC) nor the General Inspectorate of the State Administration (IGAE), or the inspector general of national defence are independent…
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In 2018, under President Lourenço, investigations and prosecutions of senior public servants on corruption charges reached an unprecedented level. Previously, successive amnesty laws undermined…
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Control of Intelligence Services
Q21
0/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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Based on the 2010 Constitution that further centralized power, the three branches of the intelligence services were formally integrated into the office of the…
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There is no independent oversight of the intelligence service. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable. Based on the 2010 Constitution that further…
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Q22
0/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
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According to Art. 122 of the 2010 Constitution, the president, as the commander-in-chief, has the power to appoint and dismiss senior officials of the…
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Given the broad constitutional powers of the president to appoint and dismiss senior officials of the intelligence services and the absence of a formal…
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The appointment and dismissal of members of state intelligence and security bodies are made in consultation with the National Security Council, but there is…
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Export Controls
Q23
38/100
Does the government have a well-scrutinised process for arms export decisions that aligns with Articles 7.1.iv, 11.5, and 15.6 of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)?
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Angola signed the ATT on September 24th, 2013, it is not yet ratified (1). Angola is mainly an arms importer.
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Because Angola has not yet ratified the ATT, this indicator is marked as Not Applicable.
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Although there are no upcoming arms exports, they may be subject to parliamentary debate; however, Parliament has a limited ability to influence decision-making in…
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Lobbying in Defence
There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity.
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There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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There is no specific legal framework for regulating lobbying activity. Thus, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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