Personnel Risk:

High

Score:

47/100

Leadership Behaviour

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Q34 50/100

Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?

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Chiefs/Ministers: Internal communications Score: 50 / 100
After corruption scandals that emerged in 2015 in the army, communications in the Ministry of National Defence (MDN) have exhibited an emergent emphasis on…
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Chiefs/Ministers: Public commitment Score: 50 / 100
Accusations signalling the misuse of resources from the Restricted Law of Copper, which derived in the prosecution of the commander in chief of the…
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Unit commanders and leaders Score: NEI / 100
The MDN developed an “Agenda of Probity, Austerity, and Transparency in the Armed Forces” with fifteen specific measures to guarantee administrative and fiscal integrity…
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Q35 88/100

Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?

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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
The prosecution of corruption offences in Chile is configured in the Criminal Code. It establishes six concepts related to administrative probity and corruption in…
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Enforcement Score: 75 / 100
Bribery and corruption are prosecuted through a formal legal process. However, there are criticisms about the proportionality of the associated sanctions and the existence…
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Q36 17/100

Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?

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Legal provisions Score: 25 / 100
The protection of whistleblowers has been a contentious issue in Chile. Analysts have claimed that the lack of legislation and legal concepts and procedures…
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Prioritisation Score: 25 / 100
Analysts have pointed out the lack of encouragement and the weaknesses of the protections for whistleblowing in Chile [1, 2]. Since whistleblowing, as prescribed…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
Current procedures and guarantees for reporting irregularities have shown several shortcomings. To report irregularities, whistleblowers must submit written, signed, and well-founded denouncements to the…
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Q37 50/100

Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?

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Coverage of sensitive (higher-risk) positions Score: 50 / 100
There has been a gradual process aim at increasing the attention paid to the personnel in sensitive positions, but this has occurred with few…
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Selection process Score: 50 / 100
The reform agenda to improve probity and transparency has openly recognized the sensitivity and risk of corruption of certain positions [1, 2, 3, 4,…
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Oversight Score: 50 / 100
The cited agenda of reforms, still under development, seeks to improve internal oversight mechanisms in the Ministry of National Defence (MDN) to scrutinise the…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards

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Q38 58/100

Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?

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Accuracy Score: 25 / 100
Every year the Ministry of National Defence (MDN), through the Budget Department of the Ministry of Finance (DIPRES), publishes the number of civilian personnel…
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Transparency Score: 50 / 100
Information on the number of civilian personnel incorporated in the Law of Budget in the Public Sectors is published yearly by the DIPRES. Information…
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Ghost soldiers Score: 100 / 100
There has been no press or institutional report or official investigation related to the issue of ghost soldiers during the period under study.
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Q39 75/100

Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?

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Pay rates Score: 100 / 100
The Ministry of National Defence (MDN), through the website of Gobierno Transparente, publishes updated information of pay rates for all civilian personnel in the…
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Allowances Score: 50 / 100
Payroll tables for civilian and military personnel in the MDN and the armed forces indicate the base remuneration and all specific allowances associated with…
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Q40 100/100

Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?

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Timeliness Score: 100 / 100
There is no evidence of problems with the timeliness of payments in the armed forces and the defence sector, nor have institutional or press…
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Accuracy Score: 100 / 100
There is no evidence of administrative or other problems related to the accuracy of payments in the armed forces and the defence sector, nor…
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Transparency Score: 100 / 100
The payment and allowances system is regulated by the Statute of the Personnel of the Armed Forces. The Chilean government’s transparency portal for each…
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Q41 33/100

Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?

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Formal process Score: 50 / 100
The system for appointments for mid-level and high ranking military personnel is regulated by the Organic Constitutional Law of the Armed Forces and the…
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Scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
There is no evidence of external scrutiny of the appointments of military personnel at middle and top management other than internal control and audit…
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Transparency Score: 50 / 100
Information on the appointment process is available only in generic terms. Other than regulations on rank, seniority, and promotion mechanisms, it is difficult to…
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Q42 33/100

Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.

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Formal process Score: 50 / 100
Formal processes for military and personnel promotions are established in the Organic Constitutional Law of the Armed Forces and the Statute of the Personnel…
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Exceptions Score: 50 / 100
There are regulations that establish possible exceptions in cases of awards and the awarding of medals; these regulations specify the circumstances and the ranges…
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Comprehensiveness Score: 0 / 100
There is no updated institutional information about the promotion cycle. Information can be found on the branches of the military’s websites, but not with…
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Frequency Score: NA / 100
There is no updated institutional information about the promotion cycle. Information can be found on the branches of the military’s websites, but not with…
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Conscription and Recruitment

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Q43 25/100

Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 50 / 100
For recruitment, the principle of voluntariness prevails, and the compulsory mechanism represents only a subsidy used when quotas are not completed. Neither the recruitment…
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Sanctions Score: 0 / 100
Penalties are established for evading mandatory recruitment or absence during the roll-calling, but there are no specific penalties associated with offences related to corruption…
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Enforcement Score: NEI / 100
Neither institutional nor press sources evidence the application of appropriate sanctions or punishments when bribery occurs [1]. In general, bribery does not seem to…
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Q44 63/100

is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 50 / 100
Military officials and authorities are considered public officials and authorities, and are also subject to general legislation when acting outside of their service, or…
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Sanctions Score: 75 / 100
While sanctions are not specifically applied to cases in which bribes are used to gain preferred postings, general legislation might apply to punish these…
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Enforcement Score: NEI / 100
There is not enough evidence to score this indicator. There is no specific information on the regular application of appropriate sanctions or punishments when…
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Salary Chain

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Q45 25/100

Are chains of command separate from chains of payment?

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Score: 25 / 100
There is some separation in the chains of payment, but only in the administrative sense [1]. The branches of the armed forces have the…
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Values and Standards

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Q46 50/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 50 / 100
While there are codes of conduct for all military personnel, they are dispersed in various regulations, laws and institutional ethics codes, and their guidance…
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Transparency Score: 100 / 100
The multiple sources that regulate the conduct of personnel in the armed forces and the defence sector are generally available to the public through…
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Enforcement Score: 50 / 100
There is mixed evidence on the effective enforcement of military codes of conduct and regulations. Where media have reported irregularities in the conduct of…
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Training Score: 0 / 100
There is no indication in relevant legislation, including the Ethos of the Military to suggest the existance of any training.
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Q47 0/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 0 / 100
There is no code of conduct for civilian personnel in the military they are, expected to observe general norms for public administration. Many governmental…
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Transparency Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ because there is no code of conduct for civilian personnel in defence institutions. Although there is no formal…
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ because there is no code of conduct for civilian personnel in defence institutions. There is no formal and…
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Training Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ because there is no code of conduct for civilian personnel in defence institutions. Although there is no formal…
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Q48 0/100

Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 0 / 100
There is no evidence that regular anti-corruption training takes place for military and civilian personnel. After the fraud and corruption scandals in the armed…
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Regularity Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’. Although ethics and military norms have been incorporated into formal education and training programs, there is no evidence…
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Coverage of personnel Score: NA / 100
Given that there is no anti-corruption training for military and civilian personnel, this indicator is marked ‘Not Applicable’ [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
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Q49 58/100

Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?

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Policy Score: 50 / 100
Available evidence of recent corruption scandals points to specific cases in which outcomes of prosecution were made public, but the information was communicated only…
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Transparency Score: 50 / 100
In Chile, judicial processes are secret during the investigation until the judicial sentence, and there is a reserve obligation of administrative processes until the…
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Effectiveness Score: 75 / 100
In general, cases have been investigated and prosecuted through formal processes, and there is no evidence of an institutional policy to derail prosecutions. After…
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Q50 67/100

Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?

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Legal framework Score: 100 / 100
Facilitation payments are illegal. They are codified in the Criminal Code, which penalises facilitation payments in the form of bribery and influence peddling [1].…
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Enforcement Score: 50 / 100
There is evidence that cases have been investigated, and most of the time prosecuted through formal procedures, but there have been attempts to influence…
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Prevalence Score: 50 / 100
Although facilitation payments are not the most common crime related to corruption in the defence sector, there are several cases in which members of…
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