Personnel Risk:
Moderate
Score:
63/100
Leadership Behaviour
Q34
92/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
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The head of the Central Military Commission is also the General Secretary of the CCP. In the last 7 years, Xi Jinping, who holds…
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Since 2015, the CCP/CMC leadership has been very vocal about its commitment to anticorruption in frequent speeches and public statements. As China is ruled…
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The Party’s pledge to fight corruption is routinely repeated on different occasions and in publications throughout the PLA and the MoD. These include leadership…
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Q35
75/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
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China’s Criminal Law and the CMC and Party regulations [1,2,3] clearly define what constitutes bribery and corruption in general and in the army. These…
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Anticorruption in China is heavily politicised as it has been routinely used to clear the ranks of officers unsympathetic to the CCP leadership. [1]…
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Q36
42/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
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Article 41 of the Chinese Constitution stipulates whistleblower protection. In addition, in March 2016, the Chinese government issued the Provisions on Protecting and Rewarding…
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The CCP and the PLA conduct information campaigns promoting reporting on corruption on a regular basis. [1] The PLA has set up online whistleblowing…
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There is a long history of retaliation and retribution against whistleblowers in China, which renders reporting a dangerous decision. [1] Although there are cases…
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Q37
8/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
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Logistics and procurement are clearly identified as high risk areas of work in the PLA. There were many cases of corruption in the former…
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There is no transparency regarding the selection process of personnel in sensitive positions.
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There is no external scrutiny and, at least until recently, very little oversight of promotions. Although we can assume that in specific areas such…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
67/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
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Although information on the number of civilian and military personnel exists, is is scant and irregularly provided through different official publications and state media.…
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The aforementioned numbers are made publicly available through the MoD website and state media outlets such as Xinhua, Sina and CCTV. [1,2,3] The information…
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There have not been any reports regarding ghost soldiers in the last 5 years. In accordance to the PRC Resident Identity Card Law (中华人民共和国居民身份证法)…
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Q39
100/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
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Pay rates for both civilian and military personnel are openly published and can easily be found online. Information is disaggregated and summaries can be…
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Information on allowances exists online and calculation methods are included in the PLA Active Sevicemen Regulations (中国人民解放军现役士兵服役条例). [1]
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Q40
92/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
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There have been no reports in the last 5 years in traditional and social media regarding military personnel not receiving salaries on time or…
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There have been no reports in traditional and social media regarding military personnel not receiving salaries on time or in full. The PLA’s high…
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Most pay and allowance structures for military and civilian personnel are publicly available through official regulations and media reports, but detail is lacking. The…
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Q41
17/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
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Formal processes exist, as explained in detail in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Officers in Active Service (2000). [1] The…
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There is no external scrutiny (parliamentary or other) in military appointments in the PLA.
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Fragmented information on appointments is released only after they have been decided. Occasionally, entries in military and state-controlled media such as the PLA Daily…
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Q42
25/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
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Personnel appointments and promotions processes have to follow the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Officers in Active Service (2000). Article 11…
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The promotion regulations of the 2000 Law put the emphasis on military, academic and technical training for promotion (Article 10). [1] According to Article…
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The only information that is circulated regarding promotions refers to CMC and top general ranks. [1] The 2000 Law does not contain availability of…
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The only information that is circulated regarding promotions refers to CMC and top general ranks. [1] Information is not published routinely or regularly.
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Conscription and Recruitment
Q43
NA/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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This indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’ to reflect that there is no compulsory conscription in China.
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This indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’ to reflect that there is no compulsory conscription in China.
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This indicator is scored ‘Not Applicable’ to reflect that there is no compulsory conscription in China.
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Q44
75/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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Bribes for any posting are strictly forbidden according China’s Criminal Law and to both Military and Party regulations. [1,2] However, in practice, gift-giving, a…
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China’s Crimimal Law has strong anti-bribery provisions. These apply to all military personnel and include criminal prosecution and incarceration, demotion and dismissal, and considerable…
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Sanctions are applied to officers found guilty of bribery. However, given the political nature of anticorruption in China, officials with connections to powerful Party…
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Salary Chain
Chains of command are separated from chains of payment in the PLA. Payments are made by the Logistics Department of the Central Military Commission…
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Values and Standards
Q46
NEI/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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The equivalent to a Code of Conduct in the PLA is the military oath and the Code of Conduct for Performing Official Duties With…
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Both the oath and the CC are distributed to military personnel and are easily accessible online. [1,2]
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Τhere is no specific information regarding the enforcement of the Code of Conduct, but ultimately this reflects the overall anticorruption enforcement in the PLA,…
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There is not enough publicly available information on the use of the Code of Conduct in training, but there is a high frequency of…
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Q47
NEI/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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A separate Code of Conduct for civilian personel in the Armed forces does not appear to exist. Τhe Civil Service oath (Constitutional Oath) makes…
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Τhe relevant documents [1,2] are publicly available and widely distributed to civilian personnel.
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Τhere is no specific information regarding the enforcement of the Code of Conduct for civilian personnel. As with Q46C, it can be assumed that…
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There is no information in this regard but also no reason to assume that training would be less institutionalised than for military personnel (see…
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Q48
75/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
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Two anticorruption training paths in the PLA can be identified. The first concerns professional anticorruption training, targeting officers and specialised personnel in relevant institutions.…
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Information on the regularity of training is not available. However, given the high degree of institutionalisation around military education (in the National Defence University)…
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Given the existence of two different types of anticorruption training in the PLA (professional and political work-based) it can be assumed that all officers…
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Q49
42/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
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There is an informal policy, as evidenced by the many cases of prosecution that have been made publicly available. The CCP and the CMC…
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For major cases involving high ranking officers, the government usually releases all information on charges and outcomes. [1,2,3,4] However, as noted above, the government…
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Anticorruption in China is heavily politicised. This is achieved through the CCP’s organisational control over the Discipline Inspection Commissions [1] and the political control…
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Q50
75/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
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In the PRC Criminal Law and the Anti Unfair Competition Law, facilitation payments are not exempt from other types of bribery. [1,2] As such,…
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Facilitation payments are considered bribery and cases are criminalised. Characteristically, the PLA has prosecuted 13,000 officers as part of anticorruption efforts in the last…
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There is insufficient information regarding the exact extent and kinds of facilitation payments in the PLA. The practice of buying and renting military license…
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