Political Risk:
Very High
Score:
27/100
Defence and Security Policy and Policy Transparency
Q1
25/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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According to the 2016 Constitution, the Assemblée Nationale (NA, Parliament) has some formal mechanisms allowing for oversight of government policy. However, the NA lacks…
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According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPA), the preparation of the national budget does not require consultations with the NA. However, the NA monitors the…
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The NA Commission Sécurité et Défense (CSD) has a composition that reflects the numerical strength of the party currently in power (Rassemblement des Républicains,…
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Q2
13/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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Oversight of national defence policy is exercised via the permanent NA Commission on Security and Defence (Commission Sécurité et Défense, CSD). [The name of…
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The CSD is composed of 20 members of the NA who are tasked with oversight of national security, police forces, immigration, local police and…
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Since Sidiki Konate became president of the CSD in May 2017, the commission has failed to review major defence policy decisions. Most of the…
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There is no evidence that the CSD exercises short-term oversight over defence policy. Most of the activity reported on the CSD by the NA…
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The CSD does not conduct or commission long-term investigations. The CSD mandate does not make any reference to long-term oversight. The official blog of…
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There is no evidence that the MoD of Côte d’Ivoire implemented any policy recommendations issued by the CSD. As with sub-indicators 2D and 2E…
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Q3
8/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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Members of the executive may relay issues of national security to other branches of government and the public about recurrent military uprisings or counter-terrorism…
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Because there is no public debate on defence policy, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable. The NA has been neutralized by years of…
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There is no evidence that formal public consultations on defence take place or that such consultations lead to findings that are later incorporated by…
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The public access to policy documents and information on defence or security strategy does not take place in practice. Hence, there is no evidence…
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Q4
33/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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There is limited evidence of formal or informal requirements at institutions such as the Ministry of Defence (MoD), the NA Commission on Security and…
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Thre is no evidence that the current government uses restrictive laws to silence CSOs or uses paperwork or tax hurdles to restrict the activity…
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Some evidence that defence and security institutions are taking initial steps to engage with CSOs. But the CSO activity in this area is minimal…
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Q5
63/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Côte d’Ivoire signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC; CNUCC) on December 10, 2003, ratifying and publishing it on December 6, 2011. The…
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Côte d’Ivoire is still working on implementing all the UNCAC provisions. The compliance issues that remain outstanding are regularly discussed during government compliance (mise-en-oeuvre)…
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Q6
50/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Evidence of debates about security and defence issues take place occasionally in the public sphere. But given the climate of political polarization following the…
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The engagement by defence establishments such as the MoD can be characterized as inconsistent and exclusive of highly polarizing issues. The intention is not…
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Q7
50/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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There is a general anti-corruption policy, but also a lack of an explicit anti-corruption framework for the defence sector. The existing anti-corruption mechanisms apply…
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TThe anti-corruption policies and their associated measures have not been effectively implemented. The reasons include institutional weakness, but also the fact that despite a…
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Q8
33/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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Most of the mandates of the units that target anti-corruption in Côte d’Ivoire extend only nominally to the defence sector. Additionally, the resources allocated…
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The Brigade de Lutte Contre la Corruption (BLC) was established in 2012 within the Inspection Générale des Finances (IGF). In theory, it was set…
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In terms of effectiveness, the direct dependence on government funds and poor resource allocation means that the anti-corruption units and entities in Côte d’Ivoire…
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Q9
NS/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. The defence establishment does not sanction bribery and corruption. The findings indicate that the…
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Q10
0/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
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There is a lack of evidence in the last 2-3 years that the government or the NA has subjected the areas most at risk…
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There is no evidence of regular assessments of at-risk corruption areas in the defence sector. Therefore, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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There is no evidence of regular assessments of at-risk corruption areas in the defence sector. Therefore, this indicator has been marked Not Applicable.
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Defence Budgets
Q11
33/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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The government has instituted an annual acquisition plan for the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of the Interior, which is derived from a…
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The main guidelines of the newly introduced Loi de Programmation Militaire (LPM), the military expenditure roadmap, have been widely reported by Ivorian media. But…
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In theory, external oversight of the LPM involves the Lower House via its Commission de Sécurité et de Défense (CSD). As Curtis writes: “Clearly,…
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Q12
25/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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The annual draft Budget Law shows highly aggregated figures for projected expenditure in the defence and security sector. For example, the draft Budget Law…
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According to Article 112 of the 2016 Constitution, the Assemblée Nationale (NA) should receive the draft Budget Law (Loi de Finances) before the end…
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Q13
50/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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On January 4, 2016, the attending members of the CSD voted unanimously in favour of adopting the current LPM for the period 2016-2020. The…
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The Commission de Sécurité et de Défense (CSD) reviewed the LPM 2016-2020, voting unanimously in favour of its adoption on January 4, 2016. Though…
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Q14
8/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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Although scarcely distributed, the budget is available via the Journal Officiel publications. according to an interview with an MP, it is a fact that…
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Although scarcely distributed, the budget is available via the Journal Officiel publications, but the information available online does not provide sufficient details as to…
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Details of budgetary allocations in the LPM 2016-2020 are difficult or outright impossible to obtain. However, aggregate data is made available, which results in…
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Q15
17/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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There is no evidence that the MoD has alternate (formal) sources of income other than the resources allocated by the central government via the…
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There is no evidence of alternate (formal) sources of income for the MoD other than the central government allocations. Hence, there is no oversight…
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There has been public scrutiny (media, academics, CSOs) over the control that certain former rebel leaders of the Forces Nouvelles (FN), known as COMZONES,…
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Q16
6/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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The Comptroller General at MoD (Contrôle Général de l’Administration et des Finances de la Défense, CGAFD) monitors the proper functioning of departments and agencies…
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As per Decree No. 2016-257 (Portant Organisation du Ministère de la Défense) of May 3, 2016, there is no evidence that the IGA, CGAFD…
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IGA, CGAFD and Direction des Finances internal audits are not subject to external audit bodies, including anti-corruption organizations. The mandates of these internal audit…
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There is no evidence in open sources of the existence of IGA, CGAFD or Direction des Finances audit reports being forwarded to the minister…
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Q17
13/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
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IIn theory, the NA Commission de Sécurité et de Défense (CSD) is tasked with oversight of MoD expenditure via amendment procedures to the annual…
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In theory, the NA Commission de Sécurité et de Défense (CSD) is tasked with oversight of MoD expenditure via amendment procedures to the annual…
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According to the 2016 Constitution, the Cour des Comptes (Court of Auditors) has the authority to audit public finances including MoD expenditure (1). The…
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President Ouattara asked his cabinet ministers to address issues that are raised by the reports submitted to him by the Court des Comptes, but…
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Nexus of Defence and National Assets
Q18
30/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
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There is no evidence of any legal prohibition against defence institutions (MoD structures) or individuals having financial interests in natural resources or extractive industries.
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Illicit trafficking in natural resources and commodities (minerals, coffee/cocoa, timber, cotton, cashews and petroleum) is being carried out by former rebel leaders of the…
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It is important to point out that defence institutions (MoD) are not directly involved in this kind of illicit activity. The government is attempting…
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The interests of the COMZONES in the illicit trafficking of commodities and natural resources are not publicly declared and are entirely non-transparent. The government…
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The interests of former rebel leaders (COMZONES) in commodities and natural resources are not subject to any kind of public scrutiny due to political…
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Organised Crime
Q19
50/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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Even though there is no evidence through media investigations or judicial reports that organized crime has penetrated the defence sector, the problem with illicit…
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The government is aware of the illicit trafficking rings of former rebel leaders, now reintegrated into the armed forces, pose a threat to political…
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Q20
50/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
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In theory, several quasi-policing mechanisms could carry out investigations into grand corruption and organized crime in the defence services. However, there is no single…
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Most of the policing mechanisms are nominally independent and are vulnerable to political interference by the executive as well as by high-ranking members of…
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The policing mechanisms tasked with investigating corruption and organized crime can be described as largely ineffective because they lack independence, are understaffed and lack…
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Control of Intelligence Services
Q21
0/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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The former Agence Nationale de la Stratégie et de l’Intelligence (ANSI), set up by Laurent Gbagbo in 2005, was permanently dissolved via Decree No.…
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The NA or any independent body does not oversee the function of the Coordination Nationale du Renseignement (CNR). Therefore, this indicator has been marked…
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Q22
0/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
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Given the centralization of the Coordination Nationale du Renseignement (CNR) within the executive since 2014, it is not possible to discern whether the intelligence…
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Given the centralization of the CNR within the executive, the president himself, the minister of presidential affairs or the chief of staff most likely…
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Given the extreme centralization of the CNR within the Executive, the vetting process of individual candidates is restricted to a small circle of people…
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Export Controls
Q23
63/100
Does the government have a well-scrutinised process for arms export decisions that aligns with Articles 7.1.iv, 11.5, and 15.6 of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)?
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Côte d’Ivoire signed the ATT on June 3, 2013. It ratified it on February 25, 2015. The date of effect of ATT ratification is…
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Compliance and implementation of the ATT in Côte d’Ivoire are being tracked by the NA Commission on small arms (Commission Nationale des Armes Légères…
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Côte d’Ivoire is not an arms exporter. Therefore, the NA does not hold debates about upcoming arms exports, and this indicator has been marked…
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Lobbying in Defence
The legislative framework of Côte d’Ivoire does not contain explicit provisions regulating lobbying activity concerning public procurement contracts that apply directly to the defence…
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The legislative framework of Côte d’Ivoire does not contain explicit provisions regulating lobbying activity concerning public procurement contracts that apply directly to the defence…
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The legislative framework of Côte d’Ivoire does not contain explicit provisions regulating lobbying activity concerning public procurement contracts that apply directly to the defence…
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The legislative framework of Côte d’Ivoire does not contain explicit provisions regulating lobbying activity concerning public procurement contracts that apply directly to the defence…
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