Political Risk:
High
Score:
42/100
1
67/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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According to article 103 and 67 of the Senegalese Constitution, the Representative Assembly of the Republic of Senegal exercises legislative power. It alone passes…
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Even if the law allows the parliament to scrutinize and approve the army’s armed procurement, some information is classified for security reasons, and even…
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In Senegal, there is a strong executive dominance over the Parliament. The executive branch can sometimes coerce or unduly influence parliament to vote in…
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2
29/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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In accordance with the National Assembly’s Rules of Procedure, the Defence and Security Committee is limited to broad organizational issues. It is responsible for…
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Most of the members of the committee have no advanced expertise in defence and security issues.[1] They are politicians who joined this committee because…
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The defence and security commission does not review major defence policies and decisions every 5 years or even earlier. [1] There is still control…
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The committee regularly submits amendments to budgets during the annual budgetary votes and sometimes makes recommendations, which the minister does not necessarily take into…
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The commission does not have the resources to fully fulfill its role, let alone carry out long-term investigations. [1] The defence and Security Committee…
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Every November, the National Assembly of Senegal examines precisely the budget of each ministry. This examination is carried out by the Committee on Finance…
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3
31/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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There is a defence strategy is sometimes debated by the executive but not in details.These debates exist and are sometimes led by members of…
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The National Police recently relaunched its programme entitled ‘Les Mercredis de la Police’, an initiative designed to encourage reflection and analysis on security issues…
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Public bodies and institutions regularly organise panels to explore the dynamics between security forces and communities, highlighting best practices, the challenges encountered, and ways…
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Not all information relating to the defence and security strategy is made available to the public. However, in order to raise public awareness of…
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4
42/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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There are certainly forms of collaboration between the defence and security forces, but there is no formal, institutionalised policy obliging them to open up…
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Article 10 of the Senegalese Constitution stipulates that everyone has the right to freely express and disseminate their opinions through speech, writing, images and…
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Collaboration between civilians and the defence and security forces is fundamentally based on the complementarity between the two entities for the joint construction of…
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5
75/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Senegal signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption on December 9, 2003 and ratified it on November 16, 2005. [1] On February 5, Senegal…
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In line with its international commitments and in compliance with the United Nations Convention against Corruption’s implementation review mechanism, Senegal has fulfilled several obligations…
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6
63/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Outside government, there is regular and in depth debate on security issues. There are debates where CSO actors, academics, journalists, researchers and scholars are…
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The government engages in discussion with the public about defence issues regularly but it does not discuss all issues such as questions related to…
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7
50/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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Senegal has several anti-corruption mechanisms, including : Public Procurement Regulatory Authority, National Financial Information Processing Unit, Court for the Repression of Illicit Enrichment replaced…
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There is an anticorruption national strategy in Senegal (2021 – 2024), but there is no action plan to implement the strategy at the level…
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8
50/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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In Senegal, there is no specific unit in charge of ethics or corruption in the Minsitry of Defence but some internal compliance and inspection…
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These institutions are part of the chain of command of the defence and security institutions that they oversee, but they have an independent status.…
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Aware of the phenomenon of corruption within its units, the national gendarmerie, through its provost brigade, is working on ways of dematerialising fixed fines.…
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9
NS/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. More than three-quarters (77%) of Senegalese rate the government’s performance in the fight against…
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10
0/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
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There are assessment of risks done by specialised institutions like OFNAC, however, the Ministry of Defence only does assessment when there are allegations of…
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There have been general corruption risk assessments but no official defence-specific corruption risk assessments have been commissioned or carried out in recent years so…
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There have been general corruption risk assessments but no official defence-specific corruption risk assessments have been commissioned or carried out in recent years so…
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11
25/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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The Senegal Public Procurement Code governs public tenders, budgeting, and contract awards but defence and security contracts are specifically exempt from competitive bidding and…
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Most defence procurement are exempt from rules of the public procurement code which restricts the transparency of the procurement processes. [1] Some information is…
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Senegal has formal external oversight mechanisms over defence acquisition—including parliamentary review through committees (especially the the Finance Committee) and ARCOP audits (ARCOP replaces ARMP…
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12
50/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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The defence budget is included in annual fincance laws. Expenditure is detailed in different thematic categories which are then divided in sub-catgeories: salaries, goods…
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Defence budgets are submitted with national budget cycles, but delays occasionally occur. Some ministries are late in submitting their budgets, they do it only…
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13
50/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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The defence and security committee exists in the National Assembly and this committee makes a particular contribution to the study of the defence minister’s…
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Since Senegal’s independence, the Armed Forces Minister’s budget has only once been debated in the National Assembly, in 2022. Even the members of the…
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14
8/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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The approved budget of the defenceministry is published in aggregated format. [1] A citizen budget providing an official explanation of the budget is available…
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The information available on the approved budget procurement budget is aggregated and no information is availble on the procurement budget with no justification. [1]…
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There is no specific request for information mechanism for the defence sector.[1] The overall budget of the ministry of the armed forces is known…
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15
0/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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No evidence of reporting on extra-budgetary income streams such as arms sales, natural resource revenues, or military business activities.There is no external income known…
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The General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces, headed by Inspectors of Weapons and Operations (IAO) and Inspectors of Services and Logistics (ISL), is made…
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In carrying out its activities, Senegalese civil society undertakes to contribute to improving the legal, regulatory and institutional framework for combating corruption and to…
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16
19/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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Internal audit exists in all government departments and ministries, including the Ministry of Defence but they are not a specialised body. They are chosen…
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The Inspectorate General of the State’s agents do the control. At the end of their missions of inspection on almost all issues, State Inspectors-General…
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Internal auditors only disclose information with the required authorisation unless a legal or professional obligation requires them to do so. External control bodies may…
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All ministries, including the Ministry for Defence, are informed of the work carried out by their department’s internal audit department, including the recommendations they…
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17
25/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
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Under Senegal’s Law No. 2012‑23 of December 27, 2012, which defines the organization and functions of the Cour des Comptes (Court of Auditors), the…
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The Cour des Comptes is independent from the Ministry of Defense, but it reports to the President who appoints its members. The Court has…
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Within Senegal’s police, there’s a National Economic and Financial Crime Squad (BNLCEF). Its primary mandate is fighting economic crime and financial corruption involving public…
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There is not enough evidence to score this indicator. The MoD implementing recommendations of the Court des Comptes. By law, public administrations, including the…
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18
100/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
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Senegal’s laws, including military statutes, prohibit armed forces personnel from engaging in private business during active service.The Senegalese army is prohibited from holding financial…
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The fundamental mission of the Armed Forces, which is to ensure the defence of national territorial integrity and the security of people and their…
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There are no cases of individual defence personnel being involved in businesses relating to the country’s natural resource exploitation. However, some military personnel in…
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There is no evidence that defence personnel are involved in any large-scale business operations relating to the exploitation of natural resources. [1] [2] As…
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There is no evidence that defence personnel are involved in any large-scale business operations relating to the exploitation of natural resources. [1] [2] As…
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19
50/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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There is no broad, systemic military involvement in organised crime sectors in Senegal. However, localised abuses have occurred—especially in Casamance, where soldiers may have…
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There is a commitement to fight organised crime although not speficially within the armed forces. The government is committed to tackling organised crime and…
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20
67/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
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Within Senegal’s police, there’s a National Economic and Financial Crime Squad (BNLCEF). Its primary mandate is fighting economic crime and financial corruption involving public…
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The brigade prevotal is a National Gendarmerie unit made up of departmental gendarmes from traditional units, whose main mission is to provide military judicial…
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Corruption cases are investigated and prosecuted but convinctions are rare. Evidence show occasional influence which prevent some people of being prosecuted. [1] However, there…
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21
0/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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22
58/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
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Senior officers in intelligence services are selected based on criteria such as integrity, ethics and professionalism. [1] The culture of military professionalism that has…
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The Senegalese executive has not sought to interfere in the internal workings of the army, whether it be promotions, advancement or the appointment of…
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Before a person is appointed to a certain position of responsibility, there is a morality check on the various candidates, and this also applies…
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23
100/100
Does the government have a well-scrutinised process for arms export decisions that aligns with Articles 7.1.iv, 11.5, and 15.6 of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)?
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In its commitment to the ATT, Senegal fully contributed to the negotiation process that led to its adoption. It signed the treaty in New…
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The country has complied with each of the three articles of the ATT as indicated in a report. The prohibition of Article 6 is…
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Senegal is not an arms exporter, and therefore this sub-indicator is scored as Not Applicable. [1] .
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Like every country in the world, Senegal has lobbyists and pressure groups. Several pressure groups, including the media lobby, the maraboutic lobby, the Lebanese…
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The country does not have legislation that regulates lobbying in the defence sector so this indicator is marked Non- Applicable. [1][2]
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The country does not have legislation that regulates lobbying in the defence sector so this indicator is marked Non- Applicable. [1] [2]
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The country does not have legislation that regulates lobbying in the defence sector so this indicator is marked Non- Applicable. [1] [2]
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Defence and Security Policy and Policy Transparency
Q1
NA/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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Q2
NA/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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Q3
NA/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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Q4
NA/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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Q5
NA/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Q6
NA/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Q7
NA/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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Q8
NA/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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Q9
NA/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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Q10
NA/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
View QuestionDefence Budgets
Q11
NA/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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Q12
NA/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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Q13
NA/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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Q14
NA/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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Q15
NA/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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Q16
NA/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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Q17
NA/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
View QuestionNexus of Defence and National Assets
Q18
NA/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
View QuestionOrganised Crime
Q19
NA/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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Q20
NA/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
View QuestionControl of Intelligence Services
Q21
NA/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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Q22
NA/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
View QuestionExport Controls
Q23
NA/100