Personnel Risk:

High

Score:

34/100

Leadership Behaviour

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Q34 25/100

Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?

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Chiefs/Ministers: Internal communications Score: 25 / 100
There are instances where senior army officials have bemoaned cases of corruption and criminal activities by soldiers and in the army in general. This…
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Chiefs/Ministers: Public commitment Score: 25 / 100
Senior defence and army officials do make public references to issues of discipline and integrity, particularly during speeches at the pass out parades and…
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Unit commanders and leaders Score: 25 / 100
Senior defence and army officials make regular references to discipline and integrity at parades and graduations [1]. However, the high number of cases of…
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Q35 88/100

Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?

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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
The Defence Act does not specifically mention crimes that can be clearly classified as corruption – the list of crimes in the Defence Act…
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Enforcement Score: 75 / 100
Instances of bribery, corruption or theft are investigated and disciplined both within the military court-martial system and the general court system. There have been…
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Q36 17/100

Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?

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Legal provisions Score: 0 / 100
There are no provisions for the protection of whistleblowers in the law, the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act (CPEA) [1]. The CPEA makes no…
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Prioritisation Score: 50 / 100
Whistleblowing is encouraged through training, information, and guidance on the reporting of corruption and protections for whistleblowers. The Anti-Corruption Commission in Zimbabwe was established…
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Effectiveness Score: 0 / 100
There are no significant cases of whistleblowing in the defence sector; however, whistleblowers in Zimbabwe have been victimised after exposing corruption in either state-owned…
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Q37 0/100

Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?

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Coverage of sensitive (higher-risk) positions Score: 0 / 100
The Constitution of Zimbabwe provides term limits for military generals for military commanders of each service and the commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces…
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Selection process Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as selection processes of individuals serving in sensitive units in the Zimbabwe Defence Forces are at the discretion…
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Oversight Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as promotions of commissioned officers in the Military are done by the president, who is the commander in…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards

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Q38 25/100

Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?

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Accuracy Score: 25 / 100
There is no known formal publication of updated figures of military and civilian personnel in the defence sector. However, the Public Service Commission has…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
There is no official publication of the figures. However, the Public Service Commission commits to providing this information to “stakeholders,” but the commitment is…
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Ghost soldiers Score: 50 / 100
There are no widespread reports of “ghost” soldiers in Zimbabwe, though such allegations are sometimes made by opposition groups [1]. The law gives the…
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Q39 0/100

Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?

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Pay rates Score: 0 / 100
The government provides anecdotal information on salary reviews of the military, making no distinction of ranks and without providing significant detail [1]. The public…
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Allowances Score: 0 / 100
Allowances due to the military and civilian personnel in the defence sector are also not published, save for the anecdotal information provided by the…
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Q40 67/100

Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?

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Timeliness Score: 100 / 100
The Government of Zimbabwe pays its employees once every month. There have not been reports of late payment of salaries in recent times, including…
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Accuracy Score: 100 / 100
The salaries are set by the Defence Service Commission, whose chairperson is the chairperson of the Public Service Commission in line with the Defence…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
The government does not publish military salaries in aggregated or disaggregated formats. However, payslips are reflective of allowances and salaries of junior soldiers [1].…
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Q41 8/100

Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?

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Formal process Score: 25 / 100
The Constitution of Zimbabwe details the appointments of commanders of the Zimbabwe National Army and the Airforce of Zimbabwe. The powers to appoint the…
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Scrutiny Score: 0 / 100
The process of appointments for senior officers provided in the Constitution of Zimbabwe gives no role for Parliament, nor does it allow any scrutiny…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
There is no information officially published on the process of promotion and appointment of senior army commanders beyond anecdotal media reports containing the president’s…
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Q42 31/100

Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.

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Formal process Score: 0 / 100
The chain of command in the Zimbabwe Defence Forces has a huge say in the promotion of middle-ranking officers in the military. While the…
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Exceptions Score: 0 / 100
The Defence Act gives the president the power to temporarily appoint an individual to any higher rank, with no limitations [1]. The same provisions…
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Comprehensiveness Score: 75 / 100
The information pertaining to promotions of military personnel is given to members of the press in full on the day of the promotion, including…
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Frequency Score: 50 / 100
Information regarding the promotion of military personnel is announced soon after the promotions are made, and they are usually made with immediate effect [1].…
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Conscription and Recruitment

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Q43 NA/100

Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no legislation or history of conscription in Zimbabwe [1]..
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Sanctions Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no legislation or history of conscription in Zimbabwe [1].
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no legislation or history of conscription in Zimbabwe [1].
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Q44 75/100

is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?

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Policy Score: 75 / 100
There are general procedures followed when postings are completed. However, the procedures are outlined in internal manuals, which are not publicly available, and they…
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Sanctions Score: 100 / 100
There have been incidences where the people who procedurally apply for a particular posting are denied the opportunity in favour of a relative or…
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Enforcement Score: 50 / 100
Disciplinary action is usually taken under the Defence Act. However, there are allegations that favouritism results in offenders not being punished. In some cases,…
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Salary Chain

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Q45 100/100

Are chains of command separate from chains of payment?

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Score: 100 / 100
The Zimbabwe Army’s Pay and Records Department took over responsibilities otherwise previously carried out by the Salary Services Bureau. This department works hand in…
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Values and Standards

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Q46 0/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 0 / 100
There is no code of conduct readily available for military personnel. Conduct is outlined in command briefs or unit standing orders, which otherwise vary…
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Transparency Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no code of conduct.
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no code of conduct.
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Training Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no code of conduct.
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Q47 94/100

Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?

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Code of conduct Score: 100 / 100
The conduct of civilian personnel is guided by the general constitutional and statutory provisions guiding the conduct of civil servants. This would be Section…
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Transparency Score: 75 / 100
The Code of Conduct developed by the Civil Service Commission is distributed to civilian personnel in the Ministry of Defence at the time of…
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Enforcement Score: 100 / 100
Breaches of the Code of Conduct are investigated regularly, and both the investigation and disciplinary proceedings are confidential [1]. If there is evidence of…
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Training Score: 100 / 100
Guidance on the Code of Conduct is included in induction and refresher training for all civilian personnel in the Ministry of Defence that is…
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Q48 0/100

Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?

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Comprehensiveness Score: 0 / 100
Issues of corruption are left to the garrison commander to handle. The army does not have specific or particular training for military personnel on…
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Regularity Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no anti-corruption training.
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Coverage of personnel Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no anti-corruption training.
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Q49 8/100

Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?

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Policy Score: 0 / 100
There is no policy to make public information relating to the prosecution of army personnel on corruption-related matters [1]. The public primarily gets information…
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Transparency Score: 0 / 100
Information of prosecution is only available internally, within the brigade or unit. It is not shared with everyone but only those involved; for example,…
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Effectiveness Score: 25 / 100
Cases of corruption are sometimes reported, and evidence is provided. For instance, when an officer receives travel allowances for a trip they did not…
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Q50 0/100

Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?

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Legal framework Score: 0 / 100
The Defence Act outlines offences in the military, but it does not elaborate more on corruption, including the payment of facilitation fees, and there…
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Enforcement Score: NA / 100
This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as facilitation payments are not criminalised.
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Prevalence Score: 0 / 100
There are several areas where facilitation fees are paid. This usually happens in procurement, disciplinary proceedings, postings and promotions [1]. It is usually senior…
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