Personnel Risk:
High
Score:
34/100
Leadership Behaviour
Q34
25/100
Do the Defence Ministry, Defence Minister, Chiefs of Defence, and Single Service Chiefs publicly commit, through, for example, speeches, media interviews, or political mandates, to anti-corruption and integrity measures?
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There are instances where senior army officials have bemoaned cases of corruption and criminal activities by soldiers and in the army in general. This…
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Senior defence and army officials do make public references to issues of discipline and integrity, particularly during speeches at the pass out parades and…
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Senior defence and army officials make regular references to discipline and integrity at parades and graduations [1]. However, the high number of cases of…
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Q35
88/100
Are there effective measures in place for personnel found to have taken part in forms of bribery and corruption, and is there evidence that these measures are being carried out?
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The Defence Act does not specifically mention crimes that can be clearly classified as corruption – the list of crimes in the Defence Act…
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Instances of bribery, corruption or theft are investigated and disciplined both within the military court-martial system and the general court system. There have been…
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Q36
17/100
Is whistleblowing encouraged by the government, and are whistle-blowers in military and defence ministries afforded adequate protection from reprisal for reporting evidence of corruption, in both law and practice?
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There are no provisions for the protection of whistleblowers in the law, the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act (CPEA) [1]. The CPEA makes no…
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Whistleblowing is encouraged through training, information, and guidance on the reporting of corruption and protections for whistleblowers. The Anti-Corruption Commission in Zimbabwe was established…
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There are no significant cases of whistleblowing in the defence sector; however, whistleblowers in Zimbabwe have been victimised after exposing corruption in either state-owned…
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Q37
0/100
Is special attention paid to the selection, time in post, and oversight of personnel in sensitive positions, including officials and personnel in defence procurement, contracting, financial management, and commercial management?
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The Constitution of Zimbabwe provides term limits for military generals for military commanders of each service and the commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces…
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as selection processes of individuals serving in sensitive units in the Zimbabwe Defence Forces are at the discretion…
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as promotions of commissioned officers in the Military are done by the president, who is the commander in…
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Payroll, Promotions, Appointments, Rewards
Q38
25/100
Is the number of civilian and military personnel accurately known and publicly available?
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There is no known formal publication of updated figures of military and civilian personnel in the defence sector. However, the Public Service Commission has…
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There is no official publication of the figures. However, the Public Service Commission commits to providing this information to “stakeholders,” but the commitment is…
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There are no widespread reports of “ghost” soldiers in Zimbabwe, though such allegations are sometimes made by opposition groups [1]. The law gives the…
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Q39
0/100
Are pay rates and allowances for civilian and military personnel openly published?
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The government provides anecdotal information on salary reviews of the military, making no distinction of ranks and without providing significant detail [1]. The public…
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Allowances due to the military and civilian personnel in the defence sector are also not published, save for the anecdotal information provided by the…
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Q40
67/100
Do personnel receive the correct pay on time, and is the system of payment well-established, routine, and published?
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The Government of Zimbabwe pays its employees once every month. There have not been reports of late payment of salaries in recent times, including…
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The salaries are set by the Defence Service Commission, whose chairperson is the chairperson of the Public Service Commission in line with the Defence…
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The government does not publish military salaries in aggregated or disaggregated formats. However, payslips are reflective of allowances and salaries of junior soldiers [1].…
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Q41
8/100
Is there an established, independent, transparent, and objective appointment system for the selection of military personnel at middle and top management level?
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The Constitution of Zimbabwe details the appointments of commanders of the Zimbabwe National Army and the Airforce of Zimbabwe. The powers to appoint the…
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The process of appointments for senior officers provided in the Constitution of Zimbabwe gives no role for Parliament, nor does it allow any scrutiny…
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There is no information officially published on the process of promotion and appointment of senior army commanders beyond anecdotal media reports containing the president’s…
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Q42
31/100
Are personnel promoted through an objective, meritocratic process? Such a process would include promotion boards outside of the command chain, strong formal appraisal processes, and independent oversight.
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The chain of command in the Zimbabwe Defence Forces has a huge say in the promotion of middle-ranking officers in the military. While the…
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The Defence Act gives the president the power to temporarily appoint an individual to any higher rank, with no limitations [1]. The same provisions…
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The information pertaining to promotions of military personnel is given to members of the press in full on the day of the promotion, including…
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Information regarding the promotion of military personnel is announced soon after the promotions are made, and they are usually made with immediate effect [1].…
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Conscription and Recruitment
Q43
NA/100
Where compulsory conscription occurs, is there a policy of not accepting bribes for avoiding conscription? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no legislation or history of conscription in Zimbabwe [1]..
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no legislation or history of conscription in Zimbabwe [1].
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no legislation or history of conscription in Zimbabwe [1].
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Q44
75/100
is there a policy of refusing bribes to gain preferred postings? Are there appropriate procedures in place to deal with such bribery, and are they applied?
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There are general procedures followed when postings are completed. However, the procedures are outlined in internal manuals, which are not publicly available, and they…
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There have been incidences where the people who procedurally apply for a particular posting are denied the opportunity in favour of a relative or…
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Disciplinary action is usually taken under the Defence Act. However, there are allegations that favouritism results in offenders not being punished. In some cases,…
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Salary Chain
The Zimbabwe Army’s Pay and Records Department took over responsibilities otherwise previously carried out by the Salary Services Bureau. This department works hand in…
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Values and Standards
Q46
0/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all military personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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There is no code of conduct readily available for military personnel. Conduct is outlined in command briefs or unit standing orders, which otherwise vary…
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no code of conduct.
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no code of conduct.
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no code of conduct.
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Q47
94/100
Is there a Code of Conduct for all civilian personnel that includes, but is not limited to, guidance with respect to bribery, gifts and hospitality, conflicts of interest, and post-separation activities? Is there evidence that breaches of the Code of Conduct are effectively addressed?
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The conduct of civilian personnel is guided by the general constitutional and statutory provisions guiding the conduct of civil servants. This would be Section…
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The Code of Conduct developed by the Civil Service Commission is distributed to civilian personnel in the Ministry of Defence at the time of…
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Breaches of the Code of Conduct are investigated regularly, and both the investigation and disciplinary proceedings are confidential [1]. If there is evidence of…
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Guidance on the Code of Conduct is included in induction and refresher training for all civilian personnel in the Ministry of Defence that is…
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Q48
0/100
Does regular anti-corruption training take place for military and civilian personnel?
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Issues of corruption are left to the garrison commander to handle. The army does not have specific or particular training for military personnel on…
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no anti-corruption training.
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as there is no anti-corruption training.
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Q49
8/100
Is there a policy to make public outcomes of the prosecution of defence services personnel for corrupt activities, and is there evidence of effective prosecutions in recent years?
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There is no policy to make public information relating to the prosecution of army personnel on corruption-related matters [1]. The public primarily gets information…
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Information of prosecution is only available internally, within the brigade or unit. It is not shared with everyone but only those involved; for example,…
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Cases of corruption are sometimes reported, and evidence is provided. For instance, when an officer receives travel allowances for a trip they did not…
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Q50
0/100
Are there effective measures in place to discourage facilitation payments (which are illegal in almost all countries)?
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The Defence Act outlines offences in the military, but it does not elaborate more on corruption, including the payment of facilitation fees, and there…
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This indicator is marked “Not Applicable,” as facilitation payments are not criminalised.
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There are several areas where facilitation fees are paid. This usually happens in procurement, disciplinary proceedings, postings and promotions [1]. It is usually senior…
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