Country: Venezuela

“Sabotaging Peace: Corruption as a Threat to International Peace and Security” examines the relationship between corruption, conflict, and insecurity. The new report by Transparency International Defence & Security (TI-DS) explores how corruption in the defence and security sectors distorts and undermines security governance and peace processes. It also highlights the harmful influence of national political elites in obstructing governance reforms often advocated by local civil society organisations and the broader international community.

Overview

Peace, stability, and security are some of the key priorities for countries as they navigate an increasingly fragmented and violent world. However, the threat that corruption poses to achieving these objectives is frequently overlooked. At best, it is considered a problem only in the aftermath of conflicts and crises, or when evaluating their long-term impact on development and aid.

The report’s case studies, including state-building in Afghanistan, illicit networks and arms flow in Mali and Sudan, organised criminal networks in Ecuador and Venezuela, defence procurement in Ukraine, and elite state-capture in Iraq – illustrate how rampant, unchecked, and often systemic corruption becomes exceedingly difficult to address once it takes root.

The evidence outlined in this report indicates that defence and security sector-related corruption threatens international peace and security because:

1. It fuels violence and armed conflict.
2. It empowers and enables organised crime groups and violent non-state actors.
3. It contributes to the illicit proliferation and diversion of weapons.
4. It weakens and even undermines post-conflict peacebuilding processes.

With the defence and security sector receiving an increase of funding and wielding significant influence and authority – especially in peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding – strong integrity, accountability, and governance standards are essential to ensuring sustainable peace and security internationally.

Key recommendations include:

Making anti-corruption a priority across national and international policy agendas and peace interventions can create opportunities to enhance human, national, and international security. Based on the findings of the report, we urge international institutions (UN and regional bodies) alongside national governments to explicitly embed corruption as a threat to international peace and security in concrete actions for change, including:

• Enhancing global coordination and collaboration on tackling corruption in defence and security.
• Strengthening corruption risk assessments and improving military assistance standards.
• Embedding integrity and anti-corruption measures into defence governance and security sector reform processes.
• Strengthening civil society and whistleblower protections in defence and security.

Ara Marcen Naval examines how Venezuela’s military entrenchment in government and the economy undermines democracy and fuels corruption, and highlights the urgent need for transparency and civilian oversight.

Venezuela’s recent turmoil, marked by allegations of electoral fraud and widespread protests, reflects deeper systemic issues affecting the nation. These issues include evidence of rampant corruption, an overly militarised government, and the erosion of democratic principles.  

The Venezuelan government’s adoption of a ‘civic-military’ model, has led to the military’s deep entrenchment in both political and economic spheres. This strategy not only ensures military loyalty through ideological indoctrination but also through substantial economic privileges. Consequently, the military’s influence extends far beyond traditional defence roles. 

According to a 2021 report by Transparencia Venezuela, the Bolivarian National Armed Forces (FANB) hold significant positions in key sectors. Military personnel are present in the boards of at least 103 public companies and 11 out of 34 government ministries. Furthermore, 24 companies under the Ministry of Defence, mostly unrelated to military functions, highlight the extensive military footprint in non-defence areas. 

There are risks associated with the military’s involvement in Venezuela’s economy. The military controls crucial sectors such as manufacturing and agriculture and food, which allows them to manipulate essential resources. This control is not only undemocratic but also breeds corruption and inefficiency. 

Transparencia Venezuela reported an increase in the number of military personnel on public company boards from 2020 to 2021. However, this increased presence has not led to improved transparency or accountability. Many military-run enterprises operate with little public oversight, raising serious concerns about corruption and mismanagement. According to the Government Integrity Index, Venezuela faces critical corruption risks across its defence sector. Civilian democratic control of the military is extremely weak, and defence institutions are largely unaccountable to the public. Corruption is endemic throughout the sector. External scrutiny and institutional transparency are virtually non-existent, particularly concerning arms acquisitions and financial management. This lack of oversight exacerbates corruption and mismanagement issues, further undermining democratic governance and public trust. 

The political power wielded by the military in Venezuela is equally concerning. Numerous former military officials occupy significant political roles, including governorships and mayoralties. The 2021 regional elections saw several ex-military figures elected, underscoring the military’s entrenched political influence. 

Nicolás Maduro, the political successor of Chávez, has continued and deepened the militarisation of the government. During his tenure, a significant number of high-ranking government positions have been occupied by active or retired military officers, further consolidating military power within the state apparatus. The FANB has expanded its role in the economy and the management of the country’s strategic resources. In essence, the Venezuelan Armed Forces are closely tied to Chávez, Maduro, and their political project. This intertwining of military and political power creates a robust support system for the ruling regime. By placing military loyalists in key civilian roles, the regime secures a power base that is resistant to opposition and external pressures. 

The Venezuelan government leverages its control over the armed forces to maintain ‘social peace’, which often means suppressing dissent and protests through force. The recent electoral fraud allegations have sparked significant public outcry, met with harsh responses from the government, calling the demonstrations ‘terrorists acts’ and sending the security forces to clash with upset citizens. This repression stifles democratic expression and perpetuates a cycle of fear and control. 

The militarisation and corruption within the Venezuelan government have profound implications for democracy. The dominance of military power in political and economic spheres erodes democratic institutions and processes. Electoral fraud allegations are symptomatic of a broader decline in democratic norms, where elections are manipulated to maintain the status quo rather than reflect the will of the people. 

While Venezuela finds its way out the current situation, hopefully moving towards democratic principles, there will need to find pathways to address these deep-rooted issues. First, enhancing transparency and accountability within military-run enterprises is crucial. Implementing robust anti-corruption measures and ensuring independent audits of military expenditures can help restore public trust. 

Moreover, reducing the military’s role in civilian government functions is essential to strengthening democratic institutions. Encouraging civilian oversight of the military and promoting democratic norms can gradually diminish the military’s political influence. To get out of the current crisis, there is a need to improve the governance of the defence sector, and the military has a key role in the democratisation and accountability process.