Political Risk:
High
Score:
36/100
1
25/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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The Constitution gives the rights to adopt laws relating to national defence and public security; review, amend, and adopt the national budget, which includes…
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The Constitution clearly stipulates in its article 86 that two out of the four weeks of parliamentary session are reserved for the examination of…
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Certain parliamentarians close to executive leaders can exercise indirect and informal influence on defense policy, particularly military personnel who have become parliamentarians [1]. Even…
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2
13/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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At the start of each legislature, Parliament forms a number of committees[1]. Since 2020, within Parliament, there have been two committees, one in charge…
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Civilians are members of the National Defense Commission, and some of them do not have defense expertise [2]. Indeed, each Member of Parliament must…
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The National Defense and Public Security Commissions are only contacted when a law relating to these subjects is introduced [1]. The concept of defense…
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The committees meet after the tabling of a law on defence and internal security. However, such tabling of a law is occasional. Therefore, they…
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The committee has never conducted long-term investigations [1]. Already, defense-related issues are generally considered a military matter, and the committees do not always sit…
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The committee meeting is related to the tabling of a law on defense and internal security before the plenary sessions of Parliament [1][2]. Sometimes,…
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3
13/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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In general, defense policy largely remains absent from public debate. The government establishes the general orientation of the national and local defense and security…
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The executive sometimes communicates on its defense policy, but this does not give rise to broad public debates [1]. However, some military personnel believe…
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It was in 2017 that Presidential Decree No. 2017-859 established the National Security Sector Reform Coordination Office. The public was not involved in its…
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Only press releases from the defense forces allow the public to have information concerning defense and security policy [1]. The politicization of the defense…
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4
33/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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The “Internal Anti-Corruption Policy” Plan adopted by the Ministry of National Defense indicates that in terms of education and anti-corruption mobilization, the ministry should…
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In Madagascar there is no coherent national policy on formalization and the role of civil society. There is also no mechanism for dialogue or…
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The activities of CSOs in the field of defense forces are minimal or even non-existent [1]. Certainly, the Minister of Defense’s anti-corruption plan considers…
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5
63/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Madagascar signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption on December 10, 2003. It ratified it on September 22, 2004 [1]. Madagascar is not a…
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Madagascar has established a number of institutions and taken certain measures recommended by the UNCAC. Generally, the anti-corruption system is made up of five…
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6
13/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Madagascar is often subject to political crises during which the military is involved. And this gives rise to debates around the roles played by…
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Most of the time, defense officials communicate through press briefings or press conferences when an event relating to the defense forces occurs. With each…
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7
88/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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There is an openly stated anti-corruption policy that applies to the defence sector. Under the anti-corruption unit of the Ministry of Defence, the ministry…
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Measures have been taken such as corruptive practices as well as directives[1]. Thus, the “Internal Anti-Corruption Policy (PILCC)” Plan was widely communicated among the…
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8
50/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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Within the Ministry of Defense there is a Directorate in charge of Legal Affairs. Within this department there is an Ethics and Professional conduct…
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The institutions/ units are under political control or they are misused. The work of the institutions can be shut down by other defence and…
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Although they have not conducted a Corruption Risk Assessment, they are aware of the risks of corruption in the Armed Forces. The Ministry of…
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9
NS/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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This indicator is not assigned a score in the GDI. The public view is that there is a clear commitment from the defence establishment…
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10
100/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
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The Internal Anti-Corruption Policy of the MOD applies to the military administration which includes, in particular, the central services of the Ministry of National…
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According to its “Internal Anti-Corruption Policy” Plan, the Ministry of Defense plans periodic reports and in particular an annual report on the implementation of…
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In its “Internal Anti-Corruption Policy” Plan, the Ministry of Defense expects to capitalize on experiences in the fight against corruption [1]. Any act of…
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11
33/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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There is a process for planning acquisitions. Planning is established annually and future acquisitions are included in the budget of the armed forces; therefore…
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Generally, the public only has access to information provided by the communications services of the Ministry of Defense or by the Presidency of the…
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There is no external oversight regarding the acquisition planning process. Planning is always a matter discussed within the military [1]. The only civilian political…
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12
63/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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The defence budget contains comprehensive and disaggregated information on expenditure across functions. The defense budget is part of the finance law passed by Parliament.…
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The second ordinary session of Parliament is essentially devoted to the adoption of the budget. For several years, the finance bill has only been…
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13
38/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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The National Defense Commission is an institution of Parliament. Its opinion is important for a defense law to pass in plenary session. According to…
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The committee reviews the defence budget and attempts to influence budgetary decisions through formal mechanisms, but these attempts are limited. It is the plenary…
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14
25/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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The defense budget is part of the general state budget. It is part of the finance bills and as such, it is accessible to…
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The defence budget is known, but sometimes the financing of certain operations, including arms purchases, is sometimes opaque, especially when these purchases result, in…
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There is no legislation requiring the armed forces to be transparent about information that concerns them and no specific legislation exists regarding access to…
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15
8/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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Normally all defense-related spending comes from the state budget. The Executive defines this budget according to the country’s security and defense strategy [1]. the…
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It is up to the Court of Auditors to carry out the audit. However, with regard to the audit, the audit only concerns the…
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The public does not always have information regarding non-governmental funding and thus cannot scrutinise it.[1] [2].
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16
NEI/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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There is not enough information to score this indicator. The Ministry of the Armed Forces has a department responsible for control and audits, the…
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No information on the Ministry of Defence’s Control and Audit Office is publicly available which prevents the scoring of the indicator. [1] [ 2]
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The Court of Auditors is the main authority responsible for auditing ministries. However, since 2017, its reports have not included the financial statements of…
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No information on the Ministry of Defence’s Control and Audit Office is publicly available which prevents the scoring of the indicator. [1] [2]
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17
25/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
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The audit of the use of the defense budget can be carried out by the Court of Auditors, the Directorate of the Financial Investigation…
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External audit units report to the judicial authority. In the name of the principle of separation of power, the Court of Auditors is therefore…
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The Court of Auditors publishes its reports online and are publicly available but there is no information from this audit regarding the defence sector.…
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The reports are published but often late, sometimes by several years [1]. This implies that the Ministry of Defense cannot always take into account…
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18
67/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
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There is a legal vacuum regarding the ability of defense institutions to hold controlling or financial interests in commercial activities associated with the exploitation…
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No evidence was found of the institutions responsible for defense being involved in the exploitation of the country’s natural resources [1][2].
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According to article 21 of Law No. 96-029 on the General Statute of the Military “the career soldier or the soldier serving under contract…
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Evidence suggests that the institutions responsible for defence are not involved in the exploitation of the country’s natural resources [1][2]. As such, this indicator…
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The institutions responsible for defence are not involved in the exploitation of the country’s natural resources [1][2]. As such, this indicator is scored Not…
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19
13/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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Certain elements of the armed forces are involved in highway bandit networks by renting out their service weapons. Bandits use these weapons to carry…
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Overall, the armed forces are aware of the existence of a certain level of delinquency committed by the military and have expressed their willingness…
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20
25/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
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The unit in charge of organised crime and corruption is the Anti-Corruption Unit of the Ministry of National Defence [1]. According to the Ministry’s…
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In cases of proven corruption (that is to say when the evidence is sufficient following scandals for example), it is up to the Anti-Corruption…
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There are cases of prosecutions of members of the armed forces for corruption, but these are generally rare [1] [2]. They are mainly high-profile…
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21
13/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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Theoretically the National Defense Committee of Parliament has the power to control the policies, administration and budgets of the intelligence service. [1][4] Since Parliamentarians…
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Intelligence is always a matter for the military and is generally classified as “defense secret”[1]. As such, the Parliamentary Commission only has access to…
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22
8/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
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Several criteria exist for the selection of seniors positions in the intelligence services. These include criteria based on values such as honesty, integrity, patriotism…
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Despite the existence of selection criteria, the appointment to high-level positions in the intelligence services is always linked to political considerations. So in 2022,…
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Investigations are being carried out for appointment to high-level positions in the intelligence services [1]. However, although appointments to senior government positions must always…
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23
88/100
Does the government have a well-scrutinised process for arms export decisions that aligns with Articles 7.1.iv, 11.5, and 15.6 of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)?
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Madagascar signed the ATT on 25th September 2013, and ratified it on 22nd September 2016. The treaty entered into force on 21st December 2016.…
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Since the ratification, the country has endeavored to comply with the various articles of the ATT. For instance, Madagascar condemns the use of cluster…
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Madagascar does not export any weapons [1][2]. Therefore, this sub-indicator is scored as Not Applicable.
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Madagascar does not have a regulatory framework for lobbying activities. But that doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist in practice. Often lobbying takes other forms.…
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The country does not have legislation that regulates lobbying in the defence sector, so this indicator is marked as Not Applicable. [1] [2].
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The country does not have legislation that regulates lobbying in the defence sector, so this indicator is marked as Not Applicable. [1] [2].
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The country does not have legislation that regulates lobbying in the defence sector, so this indicator is marked as Not Applicable. [1] [2].
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Defence and Security Policy and Policy Transparency
Q1
NA/100
Is there formal provision for effective and independent legislative scrutiny of defence policy?
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Q2
NA/100
Does the country have an identifiable and effective parliamentary defence and security committee (or similar such organisations) to exercise oversight?
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Q3
NA/100
Is the country’s national defence policy or national security strategy debated and publicly available?
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Q4
NA/100
Do defence and security institutions have a policy, or evidence, of openness towards civil society organisations (CSOs) when dealing with issues of corruption?
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Q5
NA/100
Has the country signed up to the following international anti-corruption instruments: UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
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Q6
NA/100
Is there evidence of regular, active public debate on issues of defence? If yes, does the government participate in this debate?
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Q7
NA/100
Does the country have an openly stated and effectively implemented anti-corruption policy for the defence sector?
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Q8
NA/100
Are there independent, well-resourced, and effective institutions within defence and security tasked with building integrity and countering corruption?
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Q9
NA/100
Does the public trust the institutions of defence and security to tackle the issue of bribery and corruption in their establishments?
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Q10
NA/100
Are there regular assessments of the areas of greatest corruption risk for ministry and armed forces personnel, and are the findings used as inputs to the anti-corruption policy?
View QuestionDefence Budgets
Q11
NA/100
Does the country have a process for acquisition planning that involves clear oversight, and is it publicly available?
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Q12
NA/100
Is the defence budget transparent, showing key items of expenditure? And it is provided to the legislature in a timely fashion?
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Q13
NA/100
Is there a legislative committee (or other appropriate body) responsible for defence budget scrutiny and analysis in an effective way?
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Q14
NA/100
Is the approved defence budget made publicly available? In practice, can citizens, civil society, and the media obtain detailed information on the defence budget?
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Q15
NA/100
Are sources of defence income other than from central government allocation (from equipment sales or property disposal, for example) published and scrutinised?
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Q16
NA/100
Is there an effective internal audit process for defence ministry expenditure (that is, for example, transparent, conducted by appropriately skilled individuals, and subject to parliamentary oversight)?
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Q17
NA/100
Is there effective and transparent external auditing of military defence expenditure?
View QuestionNexus of Defence and National Assets
Q18
NA/100
Is there evidence that the country’s defence institutions have controlling or financial interests in businesses associated with the country’s natural resource exploitation and, if so, are these interests publicly stated and subject to scrutiny?
View QuestionOrganised Crime
Q19
NA/100
Is there evidence, for example through media investigations or prosecution reports, of a penetration of organised crime into the defence and security sector? If no, is there evidence that the government is alert and prepared for this risk?
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Q20
NA/100
Is there policing to investigate corruption and organised crime within the defence services and is there evidence of the effectiveness of this policing?
View QuestionControl of Intelligence Services
Q21
NA/100
Are the policies, administration, and budgets of the intelligence services subject to effective and independent oversight?
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Q22
NA/100
Are senior positions within the intelligence services filled on the basis of objective selection criteria, and are appointees subject to investigation of their suitability and prior conduct?
View QuestionExport Controls
Q23
NA/100